Http协议的重要性相信不用我多说了,HttpClient相比传统JDK自带的URLConnection,增加了易用性和灵活性(具体区别,日后我们再讨论),它不仅是客户端发送Http请求变得容易,而且也方便了开发人员测试接口(基于Http协议的),即提高了开发的效率,也方便提高代码的健壮性。因此熟练掌握HttpClient是很重要的必修内容,掌握HttpClient后,相信对于Http协议的了解会更加深入。
org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient与org.apache.http.client.HttpClient的区别
- Commons的HttpClient项目现在是生命的尽头,不再被开发,
- 已被Apache HttpComponents项目HttpClient和的HttpCore
- 模组取代,提供更好的性能和更大的灵活性。
一、简介
HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持HTTP协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持HTTP协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient已经应用在很多的项目中,比如Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外两个开源项目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。
下载地址: http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi
二、特性
1. 基于标准、纯净的java语言。实现了Http1.0和Http1.1
2. 以可扩展的面向对象的结构实现了Http全部的方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE)。
3. 支持HTTPS协议。
4. 通过Http代理建立透明的连接。
5. 利用CONNECT方法通过Http代理建立隧道的https连接。
6. Basic, Digest, NTLMv1, NTLMv2, NTLM2 Session, SNPNEGO/Kerberos认证方案。
7. 插件式的自定义认证方案。
8. 便携可靠的套接字工厂使它更容易的使用第三方解决方案。
9. 连接管理器支持多线程应用。支持设置最大连接数,同时支持设置每个主机的最大连接数,发现并关闭过期的连接。
10. 自动处理Set-Cookie中的Cookie。
11. 插件式的自定义Cookie策略。
12. Request的输出流可以避免流中内容直接缓冲到socket服务器。
13. Response的输入流可以有效的从socket服务器直接读取相应内容。
14. 在http1.0和http1.1中利用KeepAlive保持持久连接。
15. 直接获取服务器发送的response code和 headers。
16. 设置连接超时的能力。
17. 实验性的支持http1.1 response caching。
18. 源代码基于Apache License 可免费获取。
三、使用方法
使用HttpClient发送请求、接收响应很简单,一般需要如下几步即可。
1. 创建HttpClient对象。
2. 创建请求方法的实例,并指定请求URL。如果需要发送GET请求,创建HttpGet对象;如果需要发送POST请求,创建HttpPost对象。
3. 如果需要发送请求参数,可调用HttpGet、HttpPost共同的setParams(HetpParams params)方法来添加请求参数;对于HttpPost对象而言,也可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。
4. 调用HttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求,该方法返回一个HttpResponse。
5. 调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。
6. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接
相关jar包
- commons-cli-1.2.jar
- commons-codec-1.9.jar
- commons-logging-1.2.jar
- fluent-hc-4.5.1.jar
- httpclient-4.5.1.jar
- httpclient-cache-4.5.1.jar
- httpclient-win-4.5.1.jar
- httpcore-4.4.3.jar
- httpcore-ab-4.4.3.jar
- httpcore-nio-4.4.3.jar
- httpmime-4.5.1.jar
- jna-4.1.0.jar
- jna-platform-4.1.0.jar
最简单post请求, 源自 http://my.oschina.net/xinxingegeya/blog/282683
- package a;
- import java.io.FileInputStream;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Properties;
- import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
- import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
- import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
- import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
- public class First {
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
- List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("account", ""));
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", ""));
- HttpEntity reqEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "utf-8");
- RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
- .setConnectTimeout(5000)//一、连接超时:connectionTimeout-->指的是连接一个url的连接等待时间
- .setSocketTimeout(5000)// 二、读取数据超时:SocketTimeout-->指的是连接上一个url,获取response的返回等待时间
- .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5000)
- .build();
- HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
- HttpPost post = new HttpPost("http://cnivi.com.cn/login");
- post.setEntity(reqEntity);
- post.setConfig(requestConfig);
- HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);
- if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
- HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity();
- String message = EntityUtils.toString(resEntity, "utf-8");
- System.out.println(message);
- } else {
- System.out.println("请求失败");
- }
- }
- }
四、实例
主文件
- package com.test;
- import java.io.File;
- import java.io.FileInputStream;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
- import java.security.KeyManagementException;
- import java.security.KeyStore;
- import java.security.KeyStoreException;
- import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
- import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
- import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
- import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.ParseException;
- import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
- import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
- import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
- import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContexts;
- import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustSelfSignedStrategy;
- import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
- import org.apache.http.entity.mime.MultipartEntityBuilder;
- import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody;
- import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.StringBody;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
- import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
- import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
- import org.junit.Test;
- public class HttpClientTest {
- //方法见下........
- }
HttpClientUtils工具类
- package com.bobo.code.web.controller.technology.httpcomponents;
- import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
- import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
- import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
- import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.RequestBuilder;
- import org.apache.http.conn.routing.HttpRoute;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
- import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;
- import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.util.*;
- public class HttpClientUtils {
- private static PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = null;
- private static HttpClientBuilder httpBuilder = null;
- private static RequestConfig requestConfig = null;
- private static int MAXCONNECTION = 10;
- private static int DEFAULTMAXCONNECTION = 5;
- private static String IP = "cnivi.com.cn";
- private static int PORT = 80;
- static {
- //设置http的状态参数
- requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
- .setSocketTimeout(5000)
- .setConnectTimeout(5000)
- .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5000)
- .build();
- HttpHost target = new HttpHost(IP, PORT);
- connectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
- connectionManager.setMaxTotal(MAXCONNECTION);//客户端总并行链接最大数
- connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(DEFAULTMAXCONNECTION);//每个主机的最大并行链接数
- connectionManager.setMaxPerRoute(new HttpRoute(target), 20);
- httpBuilder = HttpClients.custom();
- httpBuilder.setConnectionManager(connectionManager);
- }
- public static CloseableHttpClient getConnection() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpClient = httpBuilder.build();
- return httpClient;
- }
- public static HttpUriRequest getRequestMethod(Map<String, String> map, String url, String method) {
- List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
- Set<Map.Entry<String, String>> entrySet = map.entrySet();
- for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : entrySet) {
- String name = e.getKey();
- String value = e.getValue();
- NameValuePair pair = new BasicNameValuePair(name, value);
- params.add(pair);
- }
- HttpUriRequest reqMethod = null;
- if ("post".equals(method)) {
- reqMethod = RequestBuilder.post().setUri(url)
- .addParameters(params.toArray(new BasicNameValuePair[params.size()]))
- .setConfig(requestConfig).build();
- } else if ("get".equals(method)) {
- reqMethod = RequestBuilder.get().setUri(url)
- .addParameters(params.toArray(new BasicNameValuePair[params.size()]))
- .setConfig(requestConfig).build();
- }
- return reqMethod;
- }
- public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
- Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
- map.put("account", "");
- map.put("password", "");
- HttpClient client = getConnection();
- HttpUriRequest post = getRequestMethod(map, "http://cnivi.com.cn/login", "post");
- HttpResponse response = client.execute(post);
- if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- String message = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
- System.out.println(message);
- } else {
- System.out.println("请求失败");
- }
- }
- }
get方式
- /**
- * 发送 get请求
- */
- public void get() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- try {
- // 创建httpget.
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.baidu.com/");
- System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());
- // 执行get请求.
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
- // 获取响应实体
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- // 打印响应状态
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- if (entity != null) {
- // 打印响应内容长度
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
- // 打印响应内容
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity));
- }
- System.out.println("------------------------------------");
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- // 关闭连接,释放资源
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
post方式
- /**
- * 发送 post请求访问本地应用并根据传递参数不同返回不同结果
- */
- public void post() {
- // 创建默认的httpClient实例.
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- // 创建httppost
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
- // 创建参数队列
- List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("type", "house"));
- UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;
- try {
- uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");
- httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {
- e1.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- // 关闭连接,释放资源
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
post方式乱码补充
如果有乱码,可以偿试使用 StringEntity 来替换HttpEntity:
- StringEntity content =new StringEntity(soapRequestData.toString(), Charset.forName("UTF-8"));// 第二个参数,设置后才会对,内容进行编码
- content.setContentType("application/soap+xml; charset=UTF-8");
- content.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
- httppost.setEntity(content);
具体SOAP协议代码如下:
- package com.isoftstone.core.service.impl;
- import java.io.BufferedReader;
- import java.io.File;
- import java.io.FileInputStream;
- import java.io.FileReader;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.InputStreamReader;
- import java.nio.charset.Charset;
- import java.util.Scanner;
- import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
- import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
- import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
- import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.client.entity.EntityBuilder;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
- import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
- import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
- import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
- import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
- import org.jdom.Document;
- import org.jdom.Element;