通过使用数据库服务器端的sqlnet.ora文件可以实现禁止指定IP主机访问数据库的功能,这对于提升数据库的安全性有很大的帮助,与此同时,这个技术为我们管理和约束数据库访问控制提供了有效的手段。下面是实现这个目的的具体步骤仅供参考:
1.默认的服务器端sqlnet.ora文件的内容:
这里我们以Oracle10.2.0.3版本为例进行简述,先来看一下当前sqlnet.ora文件内容:
# This file is actually generated by netca. But if customers choose to # install "Software Only", this file wont exist and without the native # authentication, they will not be able to connect to the database on NT. SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (NTS) |
2.确认客户端的IP地址:
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>ipconfig WindowsIP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 9.123.112.16 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 9.123.112.1 |
3.在客户端分别使用tnsping命令和sqlplus命令来验证数据库的连通性:
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>tnsping irmdb TNS Ping Utility for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on 06-APR-2010 11:05:09 Copyright (c) 1997, 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. Used parameter files: C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/sqlnet.ora Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = 9.123.112.34)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = irmdb))) OK (20 msec) C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Apr 6 11:05:12 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2006, Oracle. All Rights Reserved. Connected. |
到这里说明在客户端两种方式都证明的数据库的可连通性。
4.限制客户端IP地址9.123.112.16对当前irmdb数据库的访问:
我们只需要在服务器端的sqlnet.ora文件中添加下面的内容即可。
# This file is actually generated by netca. But if customers choose to # install "Software Only", this file wont exist and without the native # authentication, they will not be able to connect to the database on NT. SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (NTS) tcp.validnode_checking=yes tcp.invited_nodes=(9.123.112.34) tcp.excluded_nodes=(9.123.112.16) |
第一行的含义:开启IP限制功能;
第二行的含义:允许访问数据库的IP地址列表,多个IP地址使用逗号分开,此例中我们写入数据库服务器的IP地址;
第三行的含义:禁止访问数据库的IP地址列表,多个IP地址使用逗号分开,此处我们写入欲限制的IP地址9.123.112.16。
5.重新启服务器端listener后生效(这里也可以通过lsnrctl reload方式实现):
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>lsnrctl stop LSNRCTL for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on 06-APR-2010 11:07:48 Copyright (c) 1991, 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=rmesvr34.cn.ibm.com)(POR T=1521))) The command completed successfully C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>lsnrctl start LSNRCTL for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on 06-APR-2010 11:07:52 Copyright (c) 1991, 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. Starting tnslsnr: please wait... TNSLSNR for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Production System parameter file is C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora Log messages written to C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=rmesvr34.cn.ibm.com)(POR T=1521))) Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=rmesvr34.cn.ibm.com)(POR T=1521))) STATUS of the LISTENER ------------------------ Alias LISTENER Version TNSLSNR for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Produ ction Start Date 06-APR-2010 11:07:53 Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 2 sec Trace Level off Security ON: Local OS Authentication SNMP OFF Listener Parameter File C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.o ra Listener Log File C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log Listening Endpoints Summary... (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=rmesvr34.cn.ibm.com)(PORT=1521))) Services Summary... Service "PLSExtProc" has 1 instance(s). Instance "PLSExtProc", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service... The command completed successfully C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Apr 6 11:07:57 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2006, Oracle. All Rights Reserved. SQL> conn / as sysdba; Connected. SQL> alter system register; System altered. SQL> quit Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Pr oduction With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>lsnrctl status LSNRCTL for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on 06-APR-2010 11:08:05 Copyright (c) 1991, 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=rmesvr34.cn.ibm.com)(PORT=1521))) STATUS of the LISTENER ------------------------ Alias LISTENER Version TNSLSNR for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Produ ction Start Date 06-APR-2010 11:07:53 Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 12 sec Trace Level off Security ON: Local OS Authentication SNMP OFF Listener Parameter File C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora Listener Log File C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log Listening Endpoints Summary... (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=rmesvr34.cn.ibm.com)(PORT=1521))) Services Summary... Service "PLSExtProc" has 1 instance(s). Instance "PLSExtProc", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "irmdb" has 1 instance(s). Instance "irmdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "irmdb_XPT" has 1 instance(s). Instance "irmdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... The command completed successfully |
6.在客户端(9.123.112.16)分别再次使用tnsping命令和sqlplus命令来验证数据库的连通性:
C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>tnsping irmdb TNS Ping Utility for 32-bit Windows: Version 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on 06-APR-2010 11:09:20 Copyright (c) 1997, 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. Used parameter files: C:/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/sqlnet.ora Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = 9.123.112.34)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = irmdb))) TNS-12537: TNS:connection closed C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Apr 6 11:09:23 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2006, Oracle. All Rights Reserved. ERROR: ORA-12537: TNS:connection closed |
到这里我们就可以证明,通过修改sqlnet.ora的方法,我们实现了限制指定机器IP访问数据库的功能。
最后需要特别注意的是tcp.invited_nodes允许列表的优先级要高于tcp.excluded_nodes受限IP列表。也就是说如果同一个IP地址如果同时出现在两个列表里的话,那么这个IP地址还是可以访问对应的数据库的。