转载自:http://www.cnblogs.com/lixiaohui-ambition/archive/2012/07/13/2589716.html
注:本文内容来源于zhice163博文,感谢作者的整理。
1.为什么基类的析构函数是虚函数?
在实现多态时,当用基类操作派生类,在析构时防止只析构基类而不析构派生类的状况发生。
下面转自网络:源地址 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7c773cc50100y9hz.html
a.第一段代码
#include<iostream> using namespace std; class ClxBase{ public: ClxBase() {}; ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; }; int main(){ ClxDerived *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
运行结果:
Do something in class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数不是虚函数,在main函数中用继承类的指针去操作继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:先释放继承类的资源,再释放基类资源.
b.第二段代码
#include<iostream> using namespace std; class ClxBase{ public: ClxBase() {}; ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; } }; int main(){ ClxBase *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
输出结果:
Do something in class ClxBase!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数同样不是虚函数,不同的是在main函数中用基类的指针去操作继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:只是释放了基类的资源,而没有调用继承类的析构函数.调用dosomething()函数执行的也是基类定义的函数.这样的删除只能够删除基类对象,而不能删除子类对象,形成了删除一半形象,造成内存泄漏.
在公有继承中,基类对派生类及其对象的操作,只能影响到那些从基类继承下来的成员.如果想要用基类对非继承成员进行操作,则要把基类的这个函数定义为虚函数.
析构函数自然也应该如此:如果它想析构子类中的重新定义或新的成员及对象,当然也应该声明为虚的. (此处这种解释方式是错误的)
解释如下:
1. 析构函数跟普通成员没有什么不同,只是编译器在会在特定的时候自动调用析构函数(离开作用域或者执行delete操作);
2. 对于一个成员函数调用(不论是通过对象obj.func还是通过对象指针obj->func),到底是直接调用还是通过虚函数表调用,在编译的时候是确定的,取决于这个函数是不是虚函数;
3. 综上,如果析构不声明为虚函数,那么delete pBase,就被编译器解释为 Base::~Base,否则被编译器解释为 this->virtual_function_table[#析构在虚函数表的偏移]
c.第三段代码:
#include<iostream> using namespace std; class ClxBase{ public: ClxBase() {}; virtual ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; virtual void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; }; int main(){ ClxBase *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
运行结果:
Do something in class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!