cs61a lecturre18 Objects

1.classes&objects

a class combines (and abstracts)data and functions,serves as a template for its insataances.

an object is an instantiation of aclass

    e.g. string is a buit-in class, append is a function

            int is a built in class, + is a function

2.object-oriented programming

a method for organizing modular programs

    absraction barriers

    bundling together information and related behavior

a metaphor for computatiion using distributed state

    each object has its own local state

    each object also knows how to manage its own local state, based on method calls

    method calls are messaages passed between objects

    several objects may all be instances of a common type.

    different types may relate to each other

specialized syntax &vocabulary to support this metaphor

3.the class statement

a class statement creates anew class and binds that class to <name> in the first frame of the current environment.

aissignment & def statements in <suite.> create attributes of the class (not names in frames)

when a class is called:

    1. a new instance of that class is created:

    2. The __init__ method of the class is called with the new object as its first argument (named self).along with any additional arguments provided in the call expression.

4.object identity

every object that is an instance of a user-defined clas has a unique identity:

identity operators "is" and "is not" test if two expressions evaluate to the same object

binding an object to a new name using assignment does not create a new object

e.g.

>>> list1 = [1, 2, 3]
>>> list2 = list1
>>> list2.append(9)
>>> list2
[1, 2, 3, 9]
>>> list1
[1, 2, 3, 9]

but

>>>a = 1
>>>b = a
>>>c = 1
>>>a is c 
True
>>>a = 2
>>>a is b
False

5.methods

methods are defined in th esuite of a class statement

6.invoking methods

7.dot expressions

objects receive messages via dot notation

dot notation accesses attributes of the instance or its class.

8.Attributes  

getattr() : the same as dot expressions

9.Methods and functions

Object + Function = Bound Method