结构型-装饰器模式

• 装饰器模式主要解决继承关系过于复杂的问题，通过组合来替代继承。它主要的作用是给原始类添加增强功能
• 代理模式中，代理类附加的是跟原始类无关的功能，而在装饰器模式中，装饰器类附加的是跟原始类相关的增强功能

使用示例：

// 代理模式的代码结构(下面的接口也可以替换成抽象类)
public interface IA {
  void f();
}
public class A impelements IA {
  public void f() { //... }
}
public class AProxy implements IA {
  private IA a;
  public AProxy(IA a) {
    this.a = a;
  }
  
  public void f() {
    // 新添加的代理逻辑
    a.f();
    // 新添加的代理逻辑
  }
}

// 装饰器模式的代码结构(下面的接口也可以替换成抽象类)
public interface IA {
  void f();
}
public class A implements IA {
  public void f() { //... }
}
public class ADecorator implements IA {
  private IA a;
  public ADecorator(IA a) {
    this.a = a;
  }
  
  public void f() {
    // 功能增强代码
    a.f();
    // 功能增强代码
  }
}

在Collections 类中的应用：

Collections 类是一个集合容器的工具类，提供了很多静态方法，用来创建各种集合容器，比如通过 unmodifiableColletion() 静态方法，来创建 UnmodifiableCollection 类对象。而这些容器类中的 UnmodifiableCollection 类、CheckedCollection 和 SynchronizedCollection 类，就是针对 Collection 类的装饰器类

public class Collections {
  private Collections() {}
    
  public static <T> Collection<T> unmodifiableCollection(Collection<? extends T> c) {
    return new UnmodifiableCollection<>(c);
  }

  static class UnmodifiableCollection<E> implements Collection<E>,   Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1820017752578914078L;
    final Collection<? extends E> c;

    UnmodifiableCollection(Collection<? extends E> c) {
      if (c==null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
      this.c = c;
    }

    public int size()                   {return c.size();}
    public boolean isEmpty()            {return c.isEmpty();}
    public boolean contains(Object o)   {return c.contains(o);}
    public Object[] toArray()           {return c.toArray();}
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)       {return c.toArray(a);}
    public String toString()            {return c.toString();}

    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
      return new Iterator<E>() {
        private final Iterator<? extends E> i = c.iterator();

        public boolean hasNext() {return i.hasNext();}
        public E next()          {return i.next();}
        public void remove() {
          throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        @Override
        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
          // Use backing collection version
          i.forEachRemaining(action);
        }
      };
    }

    public boolean add(E e) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
       hrow new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {
      return c.containsAll(coll);
    }
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> coll) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    public void clear() {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    // Override default methods in Collection
    @Override
    public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
      c.forEach(action);
    }
    @Override
    public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
      return (Spliterator<E>)c.spliterator();
    }
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public Stream<E> stream() {
      return (Stream<E>)c.stream();
    }
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
      return (Stream<E>)c.parallelStream();
    }
  }
}