Python标准库之 operator

巨人的肩膀

Python标准库之 functools/itertools/operator

operator的使用

attrgetter

operator.attrgetter(attr)和operator.attrgetter(*attrs)

After f = attrgetter(‘name’), the call f(b) returns b.name.

After f = attrgetter(‘name’, ‘date’), the call f(b) returns (b.name, b.date).

After f = attrgetter(‘name.first’, ‘name.last’), the call f(b) returns (b.name.first, b.name.last).

用法简介：

• 可以往attrgetter中传入每个参数的n个键名,以获取其值

我们通过下面这个例子来了解一下itergetter的用法。

>>>class Student:

... def __init__(self, name, grade, age):

... self.name = name

... self.grade = grade

... self.age = age

... def __repr__(self):

... return repr((self.name, self.grade, self.age))

>>>student_objects = [

... Student('john', 'A', 15),

... Student('jane', 'B', 12),

... Student('dave', 'B', 10),

...]

>>>sorted(student_objects, key=lambda student: student.age) # 传统的lambda做法

[('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]

>>>from operator import itemgetter, attrgetter

>>>sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('age'))

[('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]
# 但是如果像下面这样接受双重比较，Python脆弱的lambda就不适用了

>>>sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('grade', 'age'))

[('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)]

attrgetter的实现原理：

def attrgetter(*items):

	if any(not isinstance(item, str) for item in items):
	
		raise TypeError('attribute name must be a string')
	
	if len(items) == 1:
	
		attr = items[0]

def g(obj):

	return resolve_attr(obj, attr)

else:

def g(obj):

	return tuple(resolve_attr(obj, attr) for attr in items)

return g

def resolve_attr(obj, attr):

	for name in attr.split("."):
	
		obj = getattr(obj, name)
		
		return obj

itemgetter

两种调用方式

operator.itemgetter(item)和operator.itemgetter(*items)

After f = itemgetter(2), the call f® returns r[2].

After g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3), the call g® returns (r[2], r[5], r[3]).

用法简介：

• 可以往itemgetter中传入每个参数的多个x位置,以获取其值

我们通过下面这个例子来了解一下itergetter的用法。

>>>student_tuples = [

... ('john', 'A', 15),

... ('jane', 'B', 12),

... ('dave', 'B', 10),

...]

>>>sorted(student_tuples, key=lambda student: student[2]) # 用lambda进行年龄排序做法

[('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]

>>>from operator import itemgetter

>>>sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(2))

[('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]

# 但是如果像下面这样接受双重比较，Python脆弱的lambda就不适用了

>>>sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(1,2))

[('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)]

itemgetter的实现原理：

def itemgetter(*items):

	if len(items) == 1:
	
		item = items[0]
		
		def g(obj):
		
			return obj[item]
	
	else:
	
		def g(obj):
		
			return tuple(obj[item] for item in items)
	
	return g

methodcaller

operator.methodcaller(name[, args…])

After f = methodcaller(‘name’), the call f(b) returns b.name().

After f = methodcaller(‘name’, ‘foo’, bar=1), the call f(b) returns b.name(‘foo’, bar=1).

methodcaller的实现原理

def methodcaller(name, *args, **kwargs):

def caller(obj):

return getattr(obj, name)(*args, **kwargs)

return caller