1. 常见4种光束比较
光束 | 优点 |
---|---|
拉盖尔-高斯(LG)光束 | 具有高斯光束的特点且易在实验室进行制备,是一种最常用的涡旋光源 |
贝塞尔-高斯(BG)光束 | 具有无衍射特性、方向性好等优点 |
完美涡旋(PV)光束 | 具有稳定的结构、强化的光场局域性等优点 |
厄米-高斯(HG)光束 | 具有非常纯净的横向模式和良好的聚焦特性 |
2. 拉盖尔-高斯(LG)光束
2.1 理论
拉盖尔-高斯光束(LG)的复振幅表达式:
U p l L G ( r , ϕ , z ) = A L G × 2 P ! π ( p + ∣ l ∣ ) ! 1 w ( z ) [ r 2 w ( z ) ] ∣ l ∣ L p ∣ l ∣ [ 2 r 2 w 2 ( z ) ] × e x p [ − r 2 w 2 ( z ) ] × e x p [ − i k r 2 z 2 ( z 2 + z R 2 ) ] e x p [ i ( 2 p + ∣ l ∣ + 1 ) t a n − 1 z z R ] e x p ( − i l ϕ ) U_{pl}^{LG}(r,\phi,z)=A_{LG}\times \sqrt{\frac{2P!}{\pi (p+|l|)!}}\frac{1}{w(z)}\left[\frac{r\sqrt{2}}{w(z)}\right]^{|l|}L_{p}^{|l|}\left[\frac{2r^2}{w^2(z)}\right]\times exp\left[\frac{-r^2}{w^2(z)}\right]\times exp\left[\frac{-ikr^2z}{2(z^2+z_R^2)}\right]exp\left[i(2p+|l|+1)tan^{-1}\frac{z}{z_R}\right]exp(-il\phi) UplLG(r,ϕ,z)=ALG×π(p+∣l∣)!2P!w(z)1[w(z)r2]∣l∣Lp∣l∣[w2(z)2r2]×exp[w2(z)−r2]×exp[2(z2+zR2)−ikr2z]exp[i(2p+∣l∣+1)tan−1zRz]exp(−ilϕ)
其中
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r
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ϕ
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(r,\phi,z)
(r,ϕ,z)为柱坐标参数,
A
L
G
A_{LG}
ALG为振幅,
l
l
l为OAM模式值,表示空间相位的变化,
p
p
p为径向指数,
w
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z
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=
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0
1
+
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R
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2
w(z)=w_0\sqrt{1+(z/z_R)^2}
w(z)=w01+(z/zR)2是LG光束在
z
z
z处的束腰半径,
w
0
w_0
w0是基模高斯光束在
z
=
0
z=0
z=0处的束腰半径,
w
0
=
π
w
0
2
/
λ
w_0=\pi w_0^2/\lambda
w0=πw02/λ是瑞丽距离,
λ
\lambda
λ为光束波长,
k
=
2
π
/
λ
k=2\pi /\lambda
k=2π/λ是光束的波数,
(
2
p
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∣
l
∣
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1
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t
a
n
−
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z
z
R
(2p+|l|+1)tan^{-1}\frac{z}{z_R}
(2p+∣l∣+1)tan−1zRz是Gouy相位,
L
p
∣
l
∣
L_{p}^{|l|}
Lp∣l∣为归一化的拉盖尔多项式,其表达式为:
L
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∣
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∣
l
∣
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∣
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∣
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∣
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L_{p}^{|l|}=(-1)^{|l|}\frac{d^{|l|}}{dx^{|l|}}L_{p+|l|}(x)
Lp∣l∣=(−1)∣l∣dx∣l∣d∣l∣Lp+∣l∣(x)
2.2 仿真
2.2.1 函数"lg_oam.m"
function [LG_OAM]=lg_oam(L,w0,P, lamda, x,y)
% x=linspace(-T*w0,T*w0,N);
% y=linspace(-T*w0,T*w0,N);
[px,py]=meshgrid(x,y);
r=sqrt(px.^2+py.^2);
phai=atan2(py,px);
z=0;
k0=2*pi./lamda;
zR=pi*w0^2/lamda;
wz=w0.*sqrt((z.^2+zR.^2)./zR.^2);
Clp=sqrt(2.*factorial(P)./(pi.*factorial(P+abs(L))));
X=2*(r.^2)./wz^2;
LG_poly=0;
for n=1:P+1
l=n-1;
LG_poly=LG_poly+(-1)^l*((factorial(P+abs(L)))/((factorial(P-l))*(factorial(abs(L)+l))*(factorial(l)))).*X.^l;
end
E1=wz^(-1).*(sqrt(2)*sqrt(r.^2)/wz).^abs(L).*LG_poly.*exp(-(r.^2)./wz^2);
E2=exp((-1i*k0*(r.^2)*z)/(2*(z^2+zR^2)));
E3=exp(-1i.*(2.*P+abs(L)+1).*atan(z/zR));
LG_OAM=Clp.*E1.*E2.*E3.*exp(-1i.*L.*phai);
end
2.2.2 函数"beam_parameter.m"
function [lambda,k,z,w0,x,y] = beam_parameter(N)
lambda = 0.532e-6; %波长
k = 2 * pi / lambda; %波数
z = 0;
w0 = 0.005; %束腰半径
T0 = 4;
R1 = T0 * w0; %范围
x = linspace(-R1, R1, N);
y = linspace(-R1, R1, N);
end
2.2.3 示例
clc; clear;
N = 1000;
[lambda,k,z,w0,x,y] = beam_parameter(N);
l = 3; p = 1;
beam = lg_oam(l,w0,p, lambda, x,y);
figure();
imagesc(x,y,abs(beam).^2);
colormap hot;
axis off;
title('光强图');
figure();
imagesc(x,y,angle(beam));
colormap hot;
axis off;
title('相位图');
3. 贝塞尔-高斯(BG)光束
3.1 理论
1987 年,Durnin 等人发现了具有无衍射特性贝塞尔光束, 理想状态下的贝塞尔-高斯光束可以被描述为:
E
B
G
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=
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E_{BG}(r,\theta)=AJ_l(k_r r)exp(-\frac{r^2}{w_0^2})exp(il\theta)
EBG(r,θ)=AJl(krr)exp(−w02r2)exp(ilθ)
式中,
(
r
,
θ
,
z
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(r,\theta,z)
(r,θ,z)为极坐标,
l
l
l为拓扑荷数及贝塞尔函数的阶数,
k
r
k_r
kr为径向波数,
w
0
w_0
w0为束腰半径。
3.2 仿真
clc; clear all; close all;
N = 200;
lambda = 1064e-6; %波长1064nm
row = linspace(-1,1,N); col = linspace(-1,1,N);
[x,y] = meshgrid(row,col);
[theta,r] = cart2pol(x,y);
w = 3; %高斯光束束腰宽度
k = 2*pi/lambda; %波数
k_r = 20; %径向波矢 - 常量
k_z = sqrt(k^2-k_r^2); %轴向波矢
z = 0;
n = 3; %贝塞尔函数阶数n = 3
E = besselj(n,k_r*r).*exp(-r.^2/w^2).*exp(1i*k_z*z).*exp(1i*n*theta);
I1 = angle(E);
figure();
imagesc(I1);
set(gca,'fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
title([num2str(n),'阶贝塞尔-高斯光束 相位图'],'fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
xlabel('x/mm','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/mm','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
I2 = E.*conj(E);
I2 = I2/max(max(I2)); %归一化
figure();
mesh(x,y,I2)
set(gca,'fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
title([num2str(n),'阶贝塞尔-高斯光束'],'fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
xlabel('x/mm','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/mm','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
zlabel('归一化强度','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
4. 完美涡旋(PV)光束
4.1 理论
目前完美涡旋光束的生成方法包括锥透镜函数法、贝塞尔光束傅里叶透镜变换法. 这里我们选择使用贝塞尔光束傅里叶透镜变换法,利用狄拉克函数可以把该光束的复振幅表示为:
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E(r,\theta)=\frac{i^{l-1}}{k_r}\delta(r-k_rf/k)exp(il\theta)
E(r,θ)=kril−1δ(r−krf/k)exp(ilθ)
其中
(
r
,
θ
)
(r,\theta)
(r,θ)是极坐标下的坐标点,
k
r
k_r
kr为径向波数,
l
l
l为OAM模式值,
δ
(
r
)
\delta(r)
δ(r)为狄拉克函数,
f
f
f为透镜的焦距.
4.2 仿真
clc;clear all;close all;
%% 振幅光学相位元件产生完美涡旋光场
N = 300;
row = linspace(-1.5e-6,1.5e-6,N);
col = linspace(-1.5e-6,1.5e-6,N);
[x,y] = meshgrid(row,col);
[phi,rho] = cart2pol(x,y);
lambda = 632e-9; %波长632nm
k = 2*pi/lambda; %波数
f = 0.5; %透镜焦距0.5m
R = 0.5; %圆孔光阑半径0.3m
X = k*rho/f;
alpha = 20; %径向波矢 - 常数
m = 4; %阶数
E1 = (-1i)^(m+1)*(k*R/f)*exp(1i*m*phi).*...
((alpha*besselj(m+1,alpha*R)*besselj(m,X*R)-X.*besselj(m,alpha*R).*besselj(m+1,X*R))./(alpha^2-X.^2));
figure();
I1 = angle(E1);
h1 = pcolor(x,y,I1);
set(h1,'edgecolor','none','facecolor','interp');
title(['m = ',num2str(m) '相位图']);
xlabel('x/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
colorbar off;
figure();
I2 = E1.*conj(E1);
I2 = I2/max(max(I2));
mesh(x,y,I2)
set(gca,'fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
title(['m = ',num2str(m)],'fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
xlabel('x/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
zlabel('归一化强度','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
5. 厄米-高斯(HG)光束
5.1 理论
厄米-高斯光束(HG)在其传播方向上的光场表达式为:
E
n
m
H
G
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=
A
H
G
1
2
m
m
!
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n
n
!
2
π
1
w
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H
m
[
2
y
w
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z
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]
H
n
[
2
y
w
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z
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]
×
e
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p
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−
x
2
+
y
2
w
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]
e
x
p
[
−
i
k
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x
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+
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2
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+
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R
2
)
]
e
x
p
[
i
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m
+
n
+
1
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t
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z
R
]
E_{nm}^{HG}(r,\phi,z)=A_{HG}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2^mm!}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2^nn!}}\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}\frac{1}{w(z)}H_m\left[\frac{\sqrt{2}y}{w(z)}\right]H_n\left[\frac{\sqrt{2}y}{w(z)}\right]\times exp\left[-\frac{x^2+y^2}{w(z)}\right]exp\left[-\frac{ik(x^2+y^2)}{2(z^2+z_R^2)}\right]exp\left[i(m+n+1)tan^{-1}\frac{z}{z_R}\right]
EnmHG(r,ϕ,z)=AHG2mm!12nn!1π2w(z)1Hm[w(z)2y]Hn[w(z)2y]×exp[−w(z)x2+y2]exp[−2(z2+zR2)ik(x2+y2)]exp[i(m+n+1)tan−1zRz]
其中
H
m
(
⋅
)
H_m(\cdot )
Hm(⋅)是n阶Hermite多项式.
5.2 仿真
clear; close all;
x=[-5:0.1:5].*1e-3; % 设定腔镜坐标
lambda=632.8e-9; % 设定激光器出光频率
L=10; % 设定激光腔腔长
X=x.*sqrt(2*pi./(lambda.*L));
Y= X;
[X1,Y1]=meshgrid(X,X); % 获取X和Y的坐标矩阵
% 设定厄米特函数,n和m只从0取到2
% 绘制三维
H0X=1;
H1X=2.*X1;
H2X=4.*X1.^2-2;
H0Y=1;
H1Y=2.*Y1;
H2Y=4.*Y1.^2-2;
% 三维公式
FX0=H0X.*exp(-X1.^2-2); % 生成厄米特——高斯函数
FX1=H1X.*exp(-X1.^2-2);
FX2=H2X.*exp(-X1.^2-2);
FY0=H0Y.*exp(-Y1.^2-2);
FY1=H1Y.*exp(-Y1.^2-2);
FY2=H2Y.*exp(-Y1.^2-2);
% 二维公式
H0X1=1;
H1X1=2.*X;
H2X1=4.*X.^2-2;
H0Y1=1;
H1Y1=2.*Y;
H2Y1=4.*Y.^2-2;
F0X=H0X1.*exp(-X.^2-2); % 生成厄米特——高斯函数
F1X=H1X1.*exp(-X.^2-2);
F2X=H2X1.*exp(-X.^2-2);
F0Y=H0Y1.*exp(-Y.^2-2);
F1Y=H1Y1.*exp(-Y.^2-2);
F2Y=H2Y1.*exp(-Y.^2-2);
% mode = 0
I2=FX0.^2.*FY0.^2; % 考虑X和Y两个方向分布
figure();
I2 = I2/max(max(I2));
surf(X1,Y1,I2);
xlabel('x/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
zlabel('归一化强度','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
title('厄米—高斯光束光强分布,m=0','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
% mode = 1
I2=FX0.^2.*FY1.^2; % 考虑X和Y两个方向分布
figure();
I2 = I2/max(max(I2));
surf(X1,Y1,I2);
xlabel('x/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
zlabel('归一化强度','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
title('厄米—高斯光束光强分布,m=1','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
% mode = 2
I2=FX0.^2.*FY2.^2; % 考虑X和Y两个方向分布
figure();
I2 = I2/max(max(I2));
surf(X1,Y1,I2);
xlabel('x/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
ylabel('y/m','fontname','times new roman','fontsize',16);
zlabel('归一化强度','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
title('厄米—高斯光束光强分布,m=2','fontname','华文中宋','fontsize',16);
6. Reference
- DURNIN J, MICELI J, EBERLY J H. Comparison of Bessel and Gaussian beams[J]. Optics letters, 1988, 13(2): 79-80.
- OSTROVSKY A S, RICKENSTORFF-PARRAO C, ARRIZÓN V. Generation of the “perfect” optical vortex using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator[J]. Optics letters, 2013, 38(4): 534-536.
- VAITY P, RUSCH L. Perfect vortex beam: Fourier transformation of a Bessel beam[J]. Optics letters, 2015, 40(4): 597-600.
- 李霞. 厄米-高斯光束和优美厄米-高斯光束的艾里变换研究[D]. 浙江农林大学, 2022.