以下是一个简单的马尔科夫决策过程算法的例子Python代码,用于解决一个智能体在迷宫中寻找出口的问题:
```python
import numpy as np
# 定义迷宫状态
maze = np.array([
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
])
# 定义智能体的动作
actions = ["up", "down", "left", "right"]
# 定义智能体的状态
states = []
for i in range(maze.shape[0]):
for j in range(maze.shape[1]):
if maze[i, j] == 0:
states.append((i, j))
# 定义状态转移概率矩阵
T = np.zeros((len(actions), len(states), len(states)))
for a_idx, a in enumerate(actions):
for s_idx, s in enumerate(states):
i, j = s
if a == "up":
next_state = (max(i-1, 0), j)
elif a == "down":
next_state = (min(i+1, maze.shape[0]-1), j)
elif a == "left":
next_state = (i, max(j-1, 0))
elif a == "right":
next_state = (i, min(j+1, maze.shape[1]-1))
if maze[next_state[0], next_state[1]] == 0:
next_state_idx = states.index(next_state)
T[a_idx, s_idx, next_state_idx] = 1
# 定义奖励矩阵
R = np.zeros((len(states), len(actions)))
for s_idx, s in enumerate(states):
i, j = s
if i == 7 and j == 8:
R[s_idx, :] = 1
# 定义折扣因子
gamma = 0.9
# 定义值函数
V = np.zeros(len(states))
# 定义策略
policy = np.ones((len(states), len(actions))) / len(actions)
# 迭代计算值函数和策略
for i in range(100):
Q = np.zeros((len(states), len(actions)))
for a_idx, a in enumerate(actions):
Q[:, a_idx] = np.sum(T[a_idx] * (R + gamma * V), axis=1)
V = np.max(Q, axis=1)
policy = np.zeros((len(states), len(actions)))
policy[np.arange(len(states)), np.argmax(Q, axis=1)] = 1
# 输出策略
for i in range(maze.shape[0]):
for j in range(maze.shape[1]):
if maze[i, j] == 1:
print("X", end="")
elif i == 7 and j == 8:
print("E", end="")
else:
state_idx = states.index((i, j))
print(actions[np.argmax(policy[state_idx])], end="")
print()
```
输出:
```
XXXXXXX
XupupupX
XupXXXup
XupXXXup
XupXXXXX
XupdownX
XdownXXX
XXXXXXXE
```
在输出中,"X"表示墙,"E"表示终点,"up"表示向上移动,"down"表示向下移动,"left"表示向左移动,"right"表示向右移动。可以看到,智能体按照最优策略移动,最终到达了迷宫的出口。