定义和使用递归 CTE 指南
下列指南适用于定义递归 CTE 的情况:
递归 CTE 定义至少必须包含两个 CTE 查询定义,一个定位点成员和一个递归成员。可以定义多个定位点成员和递归成员;但必须将所有定位点成员查询定义置于第一个递归成员定义之前。所有 CTE 查询定义都是定位点成员,但它们引用 CTE 本身时除外。
定位点成员必须与以下集合运算符之一结合使用:UNION ALL、UNION、INTERSECT 或 EXCEPT。在最后一个定位点成员和第一个递归成员之间,以及组合多个递归成员时,只能使用 UNION ALL 集合运算符。
定位点成员和递归成员中的列数必须一致。
递归成员中列的数据类型必须与定位点成员中相应列的数据类型一致。
递归成员的 FROM 子句只能引用一次 CTE expression_name。
在递归成员的 CTE_query_definition 中不允许出现下列项:
SELECT DISTINCT
GROUP BY
HAVING
标量聚合
TOP
LEFT、RIGHT、OUTER JOIN(允许出现 INNER JOIN)
子查询
应用于对 CTE_query_definition 中的 CTE 的递归引用的提示。
下列指南适用于使用递归 CTE:
无论参与的 SELECT 语句返回的列的为空性如何,递归 CTE 返回的全部列都可以为空。
如果递归 CTE 组合不正确,可能会导致无限循环。例如,如果递归成员查询定义对父列和子列返回相同的值,则会造成无限循环。可以使用 MAXRECURSION 提示以及在 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 或 SELECT 语句的 OPTION 子句中的一个 0 到 32,767 之间的值,来限制特定语句所允许的递归级数,以防止出现无限循环。这样就能够在解决产生循环的代码问题之前控制语句的执行。服务器范围内的默认值是 100。如果指定 0,则没有限制。每一个语句只能指定一个 MAXRECURSION 值。有关详细信息,请参阅查询提示 (Transact-SQL)。
不能使用包含递归公用表表达式的视图来更新数据。
可以使用 CTE 在查询上定义游标。CTE 是定义游标结果集的 select_statement 参数。递归 CTE 只允许使用快速只进游标和静态(快照)游标。如果在递归 CTE 中指定了其他游标类型,则该类型将转换为静态游标类型。
可以在 CTE 中引用远程服务器中的表。如果在 CTE 的递归成员中引用了远程服务器,那么将为每个远程表创建一个假脱机,这样就可以在本地反复访问这些表。
示例
A. 创建一个简单公用表表达式
以下示例显示直接向 Adventure Works Cycles 的每个经理报告的雇员的数目。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH DirReps(ManagerID, DirectReports) AS
(
SELECT ManagerID, COUNT(*)
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
WHERE ManagerID IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY ManagerID
)
SELECT ManagerID, DirectReports
FROM DirReps
ORDER BY ManagerID;
GO
B. 使用公用表表达式来限制次数和报告平均数
以下示例显示向经理报告的雇员的平均数。
WITH DirReps (Manager, DirectReports) AS
(
SELECT ManagerID, COUNT(*) AS DirectReports
FROM HumanResources.Employee
GROUP BY ManagerID
)
SELECT AVG(DirectReports) AS [Average Number of Direct Reports]
FROM DirReps
WHERE DirectReports>= 2 ;
GO
C. 多次引用同一个公用表表达式
以下示例显示 SalesOrderHeader 表中每个销售人员的销售订单的总数和最近的销售订单的日期。CTE 在运行的语句中被引用两次:一次返回为销售人员所选的列,另一次检索销售经理的类似详细信息。销售人员和销售经理的数据都返回在一行中。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH Sales_CTE (SalesPersonID, NumberOfOrders, MaxDate)
AS
(
SELECT SalesPersonID, COUNT(*), MAX(OrderDate)
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
GROUP BY SalesPersonID
)
SELECT E.EmployeeID, OS.NumberOfOrders, OS.MaxDate,
E.ManagerID, OM.NumberOfOrders, OM.MaxDate
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS E
JOIN Sales_CTE AS OS
ON E.EmployeeID = OS.SalesPersonID
LEFT OUTER JOIN Sales_CTE AS OM
ON E.ManagerID = OM.SalesPersonID
ORDER BY E.EmployeeID;
GO
使用递归公用表表达式显示递归的多个级别。
以下示例显示经理以及向经理报告的雇员的层次列表。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH DirectReports(ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel) AS
(
SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, 0 AS EmployeeLevel
FROM HumanResources.Employee
WHERE ManagerID IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel + 1
FROM HumanResources.Employee e
INNER JOIN DirectReports d
ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID
)
SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel
FROM DirectReports ;
GO
E. 使用递归公用表表达式显示递归的两个级别。
以下示例显示经理以及向经理报告的雇员。将返回的级别数目被限制为两个。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH DirectReports(ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel) AS
(
SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, 0 AS EmployeeLevel
FROM HumanResources.Employee
WHERE ManagerID IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel + 1
FROM HumanResources.Employee e
INNER JOIN DirectReports d
ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID
)
SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel
FROM DirectReports
WHERE EmployeeLevel <= 2 ;
GO
F. 使用递归公用表表达式显示层次列表
以下示例在示例 C 的基础上添加经理和雇员的名称,以及他们各自的头衔。通过缩进各个级别,突出显示经理和雇员的层次结构。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH DirectReports(Name, Title, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel, Sort)
AS (SELECT CONVERT(varchar(255), c.FirstName + ' ' + c.LastName),
e.Title,
e.EmployeeID,
1,
CONVERT(varchar(255), c.FirstName + ' ' + c.LastName)
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
JOIN Person.Contact AS c ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
WHERE e.ManagerID IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT CONVERT(varchar(255), REPLICATE ('| ' , EmployeeLevel) +
c.FirstName + ' ' + c.LastName),
e.Title,
e.EmployeeID,
EmployeeLevel + 1,
CONVERT (varchar(255), RTRIM(Sort) + '| ' + FirstName + ' ' +
LastName)
FROM HumanResources.Employee as e
JOIN Person.Contact AS c ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
JOIN DirectReports AS d ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID
)
SELECT EmployeeID, Name, Title, EmployeeLevel
FROM DirectReports
ORDER BY Sort;
GO
G. 使用 MAXRECURSION 取消一条语句
可以使用 MAXRECURSION 来防止不合理的递归 CTE 进入无限循环。以下示例特意创建了一个无限循环,然后使用 MAXRECURSION 提示将递归级别限制为两级。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
--Creates an infinite loop
WITH cte (EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title) as
(
SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
FROM HumanResources.Employee
WHERE ManagerID IS NOT NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT cte.EmployeeID, cte.ManagerID, cte.Title
FROM cte
JOIN HumanResources.Employee AS e
ON cte.ManagerID = e.EmployeeID
)
--Uses MAXRECURSION to limit the recursive levels to 2
SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
FROM cte
OPTION (MAXRECURSION 2);
GO
在更正代码错误之后,就不再需要 MAXRECURSION。以下示例显示了更正后的代码。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH cte (EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title)
AS
(
SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
FROM HumanResources.Employee
WHERE ManagerID IS NOT NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.ManagerID, e.Title
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
JOIN cte ON e.ManagerID = cte.EmployeeID
)
SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
FROM cte;
GO
H. 使用公用表表达式来有选择地执行 SELECT 语句中的递归操作
以下示例显示了为 ProductAssemblyID = 800 生产自行车所需的产品装配和部件层次结构。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH Parts(AssemblyID, ComponentID, PerAssemblyQty, EndDate, ComponentLevel) AS
(
SELECT b.ProductAssemblyID, b.ComponentID, b.PerAssemblyQty,
b.EndDate, 0 AS ComponentLevel
FROM Production.BillOfMaterials AS b
WHERE b.ProductAssemblyID = 800
AND b.EndDate IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT bom.ProductAssemblyID, bom.ComponentID, p.PerAssemblyQty,
bom.EndDate, ComponentLevel + 1
FROM Production.BillOfMaterials AS bom
INNER JOIN Parts AS p
ON bom.ProductAssemblyID = p.ComponentID
AND bom.EndDate IS NULL
)
SELECT AssemblyID, ComponentID, Name, PerAssemblyQty, EndDate,
ComponentLevel
FROM Parts AS p
INNER JOIN Production.Product AS pr
ON p.ComponentID = pr.ProductID
ORDER BY ComponentLevel, AssemblyID, ComponentID;
GO
I. 在 UPDATE 语句中使用递归 CTE
以下示例将直接或间接向 ManagerID 12 报告的所有雇员的 VacationHours 值增加 25%。公用表表达式将返回直接向 ManagerID 12 报告的雇员以及直接向这些雇员报告的雇员等的层次列表。只修改公用表表达式所返回的行。
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
WITH DirectReports(EmployeeID, NewVacationHours, EmployeeLevel)
AS
(SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.VacationHours, 1
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
WHERE e.ManagerID = 12
UNION ALL
SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.VacationHours, EmployeeLevel + 1
FROM HumanResources.Employee as e
JOIN DirectReports AS d ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID
)
UPDATE HumanResources.Employee
SET VacationHours = VacationHours * 1.25
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
JOIN DirectReports AS d ON e.EmployeeID = d.EmployeeID;
GO
使用多个定位点和递归成员
以下示例使用多个定位点和递归成员来返回指定的人的所有祖先。创建了一个表,并在表中插入值,以建立由递归 CTE 返回的宗谱。
-- Genealogy table
IF OBJECT_ID('Person','U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE Person;
GO
CREATE TABLE Person(ID int, Name varchar(30), Mother int, Father int);
GO
INSERT Person VALUES(1, 'Sue', NULL, NULL);
INSERT Person VALUES(2, 'Ed', NULL, NULL);
INSERT Person VALUES(3, 'Emma', 1, 2);
INSERT Person VALUES(4, 'Jack', 1, 2);
INSERT Person VALUES(5, 'Jane', NULL, NULL);
INSERT Person VALUES(6, 'Bonnie', 5, 4);
INSERT Person VALUES(7, 'Bill', 5, 4);
GO
-- Create the recursive CTE to find all of Bonnie's ancestors.
WITH Generation (ID) AS
(
-- First anchor member returns Bonnie's mother.
SELECT Mother
FROM Person
WHERE Name = 'Bonnie'
UNION
-- Second anchor member returns Bonnie's father.
SELECT Father
FROM Person
WHERE Name = 'Bonnie'
UNION ALL
-- First recursive member returns male ancestors of the previous generation.
SELECT Person.Father
FROM Generation, Person
WHERE Generation.ID=Person.ID
UNION ALL
-- Second recursive member returns female ancestors of the previous generation.
SELECT Person.Mother
FROM Generation, Person
WHERE Generation.ID=Person.ID
)
SELECT Person.ID, Person.Name, Person.Mother, Person.Father
FROM Generation, Person
WHERE Generation.ID = Person.ID;
GO