C++ io流

1. 继承关系

参考

basic_ostream<CharT, Traits> 输出流
basic_istream<CharT, Traits> 输入流
basic_iostream<CharT, Traits> 输入输出流

上面的三个类是抽象类，所有的实现都继承自它们三个。
Q1: 为什么在实际使用中通常使用的是std::ofstream而不是std::basic_ofstream。
answer: 两者表示相同的意思，只是std::ofstream是别名。

/// Class for @c char output file streams.
typedef basic_ofstream ofstream;

Q2: 模板类有两个模板类型，为什么实际定义中只指定了一个char
answer: 在模板类申明中指定了默认参数。

template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> > class basic_ofstream;

2. 具体使用

读文件：

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    std::string filename = "input.txt";
    // std::basic_ifstream<char, std::char_traits<char>> finstream(filename.c_str());
    std::ifstream fin;
    fin.open(filename, std::ios::in|std::ios::binary);
    if (!fin.is_open()){
        std::cerr << "Error: Failed to open file " << filename << std::endl;        
        return 1;
    }
    std::string str;

    // while (finstream >> str)
    // {
    //     std::cout << str << std::endl;
    // }
    while (std::getline(fin, str))
    {
        std::cout << str << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << "File opened successfully." << std::endl;
    fin.close();
    return 0;
}

写文件：

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

int main(){
    // Open a file for writing
    std::ofstream outfile;
    outfile.open("output.txt", std::ios::out &~std::ios::trunc);
    std::cout <<  std::hex << "std::ios::out "<< static_cast<long>(std::ios::out) << std::endl;
    std::cout <<  std::hex << "std::ios::trunc "<< static_cast<long>(std::ios::trunc) << std::endl;
     std::cout <<  std::hex << "std::ios::out | std::ios::trunc"<< static_cast<long>(std::ios::out | std::ios::trunc) << std::endl;
    // Check if the file was opened successfully
    if (!outfile.is_open())
    {
        std::cout << "File failed to open!" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    // write to the file
    std::string message = "Hello, world!";
    // outfile << message << std::endl;
    // outfile.write(message.c_str(), message.size());
    outfile.put(message.c_str()[0]);
    // close the file
    outfile.close();
    return 0;
}

1. 支持空构造函数，后面调用open函数
2. 重写了operator bool()
3. openmode组合