关于 Iterators

When using iterators, be aware of four main issues.

1. Valid values: Is the iterator dereferenceable? For example, writing "*e.end()" is always a programming error.

2. Valid lifetimes: Is the iterator still valid when it's being used? Or has it been invalidated by some operation since we obtained it?

3. Valid ranges: Is a pair of iterators a valid range? Is first really before (or equal to) last? Do both really point into the same container?

4. Illegal builtin manipulation: For example, is the code trying to modify a temporary of builtin type, as in "--e.end()" above? (Fortunately, the compiler can often catch this kind of mistake for you, and for iterators of class type, the library author will often choose to allow this sort of thing for syntactic convenience.)