委托和线程

一：线程
在.net中提供了两种启动线程的方式，一种是不带参数的启动方式，另一种是带参数的启动的方式。
不带参数的启动方式
 如果启动参数时无需其它额外的信息，可以使用ThreadStart来实例化Thread：
 带参数的启动方法

带参数 ，就不能用ThreadStart委托作为构造函数的参数来实例化Thread了，而要 ParameterizedThreadStart委托，和ThreadStart一样的是它也是线程启动时要执行的方法，和ThreadStart不同 的是，它在实例化时可以用一个带有一个Object参数的方法作为构造函数的参数，而实例化ThreadStart时所用到的方法是没有参数的。 为 什么是Object这样的参数呢？很简单，因为在.net中Object是所有类型的基类，用它可以表示Array(数组）、Interface（接 口）、ValueType（值类型，如bool,byte,char,short,int,float,long,double等）、class(类） 等.net中的类型。当然，这也意味着如果你要启动一个线程，给它传递一个int类型参数时，必须在启动方法中进行相应的类型转换。
这种object类型的参数可以定义一个有多个属性的类来进行，或者用$隔开的字符串，使用的时候分解为数组来用
简单实例代码：

<span class="com">//不带参数</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ">ThreadStart</span><span class="pln"> ts </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ThreadStart</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">ThreadFunc</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pln"> t </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">ts</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
t</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Start</span><span class="pun">();</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="com">//带参数 </span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ">ParameterizedThreadStart</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ParStart</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ParameterizedThreadStart</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">GoTo</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pln"> myThread </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">ParStart</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">object</span><span class="pln"> o </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">object</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">txt_url</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Text</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
myThread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Start</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">o</span><span class="pun">);</span>

详细实例代码：

<span class="typ">Program</span><span class="pln"> p </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Program</span><span class="pun">();</span><span class="pln">
 </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pln"> nonParameterThread </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ThreadStart</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">p</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">NonParameterRun</span><span class="pun">));</span><span class="pln">
 nonParameterThread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Start</span><span class="pun">();</span><span class="pln">

 </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pln"> parameterThread </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ParameterizedThreadStart</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">p</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">ParameterRun</span><span class="pun">));</span><span class="pln">
 parameterThread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Name</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Thread A:"</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
 parameterThread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Start</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">30</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
                
                 </span><span class="com">/// <summary></span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="com">/// 不带参数的启动方法</span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="com">/// </summary></span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">NonParameterRun</span><span class="pun">()</span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class="pun"><</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun">++)</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
                                 </span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">WriteLine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"系统当前时间毫秒值："</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="typ">DateTime</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Now</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Millisecond</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">ToString</span><span class="pun">());</span><span class="pln">
                                 </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Sleep</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">200</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//让线程暂停</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
                </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">

                </span><span class="com">/// <summary></span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="com">/// 带参数的启动方法</span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="com">/// </summary></span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="com">/// <param name="ms">让线程在运行过程中的休眠间隔</param></span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ParameterRun</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">object</span><span class="pln"> ms</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pln"> j </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">TryParse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">ms</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">ToString</span><span class="pun">(),</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">out</span><span class="pln"> j</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//这里采用了TryParse方法，避免不能转换时出现异常</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">int</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i </span><span class="pun"><</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> i</span><span class="pun">++)</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
                                 </span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">WriteLine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">CurrentThread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Name</span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="str">"系统当前时间毫秒值："</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">DateTime</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Now</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Millisecond</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">ToString</span><span class="pun">());</span><span class="pln">
                                 </span><span class="typ">Thread</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Sleep</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">j</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//让线程暂停</span><span class="pln">
                         </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
                 </span><span class="pun">}</span>

二：委托
委托就是讲方法以参数的形式进行传递

<span class="kwd">private</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">static</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">WriteStrToFile</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pln"> txt</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
write</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">txt</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">private</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">delegate</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">WriteStrToFileDelegate</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pln"> txt</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//定义委托</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">WriteStrToFileDelegate</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">WriteStrToFile</span><span class="pun">).</span><span class="typ">BeginInvoke</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">txt</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">null</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">null</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//异步使用委托</span>

再举一例：

<span class="kwd">public</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">delegate</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">GreetingDelegate</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//定义委托</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="com">//定义两方法</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">private</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">static</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">EnglishGreeting</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> 
</span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
 </span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">WriteLine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"Morning, "</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="kwd">private</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">static</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ChineseGreeting</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
 </span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">WriteLine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"早上好, "</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">+</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
</span>

使用：

<span class="kwd">private</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">static</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">void</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">GreetPeople</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">string</span><span class="pln"> name</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">GreetingDelegate</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">MakeGreeting</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> 
</span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
  </span><span class="typ">MakeGreeting</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">name</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//这里默认同步方式，与MakeGreeting.Invoke(name)效果一样</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="com">//使用</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ">GreetPeople</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"Jimmy Zhang"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">EnglishGreeting</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="typ">GreetPeople</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"张子阳"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ChineseGreeting</span><span class="pun">);</span>

实际上，我们可以也可以绕过GreetPeople方法，通过委托来直接调用EnglishGreeting和ChineseGreeting： 

<span class="typ">GreetingDelegate</span><span class="pln"> delegate1</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
　　delegate1 </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">EnglishGreeting</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="com">// 先给委托类型的变量赋值</span><span class="pln">
　　delegate1 </span><span class="pun">+=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">ChineseGreeting</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="com">// 给此委托变量再绑定一个方法</span><span class="pln">
　　</span><span class="com">// 将先后调用 EnglishGreeting 与 ChineseGreeting 方法</span><span class="pln">
　　delegate1 </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">"Jimmy Zhang"</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
　　</span><span class="typ">Console</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">ReadKey</span><span class="pun">();</span><span class="pln"> </span>

委托的 Invoke 方法用来进行 同步调用 。同步调用也可以叫阻塞调用，它将阻塞当前线程，然后执行调用，调用完毕后再继续向下进行。同步调用会阻塞线程，如果是要调用一项繁重的工作（如大量IO操作），可能会让程序停顿很长时间，造成糟糕的用户体验，这时候异步调用就很有必要了。
异步调用 不阻塞线程，而是把调用塞到线程池中，程序主线程或UI线程可以继续执行。
委托的异步调用通过 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 来实现。

比较：
在实例化Thread的实例，需要提供一个委托，在实例化这个委托时所用到的参数是线程将来启动时要运行的方法。

委托其实也是一个线程

<span class="typ">MethodInvoker</span><span class="pln"> mi </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">new</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">MethodInvoker</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="typ">DoPay</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="com">//定义委托</span><span class="pln">
            </span><span class="kwd">this</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">BeginInvoke</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">mi</span><span class="pun">);</span>

这里MethodInvoker 
只是一个委托， 我们可以认为所有没有参数的返回值为void的委托和 MethodInvoker 是一样的， 他们都可以委托到没有参数的返回值为void的方法。

你自己写一个 Public Delegate Sub ABC, 这个时候ABC和MethodInvoker是完全一样的。所以.Net 提供这个只是为了方便你编写，省得你自己再写一堆一样的委托了。