python dir()函数

今天我们来看一个非常重要的函数：dir()
中文说明：
不带参数时，返回当前范围内的变量、方法和定义的类型列表；带参数时，返回参数的属性、方法列表。如果参数包含方法__dir__()，该方法将被调用。如果参数不包含__dir__()，该方法将最大限度地收集参数信息。
参数object： 对象、变量、类型。
版本：该函数在python各个版本中都有，但是每个版本中显示的属性细节有所不同。使用时注意区别。
英文说明：
Help on built-in function dir in module __builtin__:
dir(...)
    dir([object]) -> list of strings
    If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
    Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
    of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
    If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
    the default dir() logic is used and returns:
      for a module object: the module's attributes.
      for a class object:  its attributes, and recursively the attributes
        of its bases.
      for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and

        recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

1》列出某个类型的所有可用方法，参数可以是类型type或此类型的实例！
>>> dir(list)
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
>>> dir([])
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

2》列出当前范围内（或指定模块内）的变量、方法和定义的类型列表

>>> dir() # get list of attributes for current scope
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__']
>>> import struct
>>> dir() # get list of attributes for current scope
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'struct']
>>> dir(struct)# get list of attributes for struct module
['Struct', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from']
3》如果参数包含方法__dir__()，该方法将被调用

>>> class person(object):
                def __dir__(self):
                     return ['name','age','country']

>>> dir(person)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
>>> tom=person()
>>> dir(tom) #If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used
['age', 'country', 'name']

4》如果参数不包含__dir__()，该方法将最大限度地收集参数信息。

>>> class add_two():
            def __init__(self,x,y):
                self.x=x
                self.y=y
            def add(self):
                return self.x+self.y

>>> dir(add_two)
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'add']
>>> ins=add_two(1,2)
>>> dir(ins)
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'add', 'x', 'y']
>>> 

（完）