MySQL左连接、右连接和内连接详解

本文简单介绍MySQL左连接、右连接和内连接，并对具体的操作情况给出简单示例。
在MySQL数据库中建立两张数据表，并分别插入一些数据。
mysql> CREATE TABLE table1(
    -> name VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
    -> city VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('person A','BJ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('person B','BJ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('person C','SH');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('person D','SZ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> CREATE TABLE table2(
    -> name VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
    -> city VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)

mysql> INSERT table2(name,city) VALUES('person W','BJ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT table2(name,city) VALUES('person X','SH');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> INSERT table2(name,city) VALUES('person Y','SH');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT table2(name,city) VALUES('person Z','NJ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM table1;
+----------+------+
| name     | city |
+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   |
| person C | SH   |
| person D | SZ   |
+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM table2;
+----------+------+
| name     | city |
+----------+------+
| person W | BJ   |
| person X | SH   |
| person Y | SH   |
| person Z | NJ   |
+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1. MySQL外连接 – 左（外）连接结果
mysql> SELECT table1.*,table2.* FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.city = table2.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
| person D | SZ   | NULL     | NULL |
+----------+------+----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这种情况下，以table1为主，即table1中的所有记录均会被列出。有以下三种情况：
a. 对于table1中的每一条记录对应的城市如果在table2中也恰好存在而且刚好只有一条，那么就会在
返回的结果中形成一条新的记录。如上面Person A和Person B对应的情况。
b. 对于table1中的每一条记录对应的城市如果在table2中也恰好存在而且有N条，
那么就会在返回的结果中形成N条新的记录。如上面的Person C对应的情况。
c. 对于table1中的每一条记录对应的城市如果在table2中不存在，那么就会在返回的结果中形成一条
条新的记录，且该记录的右边全部NULL。如上面的Person D对应的情况。
不符合上面三条规则的记录不会被列出。
2. MySQL外连接 – 右连接结果
mysql> SELECT table1.*,table2.* FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.city = table2.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
| NULL     | NULL | person Z | NJ   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这种情况下，以table2为主，即table2中的所有记录均会被列出。有以下三种情况：
a. 对于table2中的每一条记录对应的城市如果在table1中也恰好存在而且刚好只有一条，那么就会在
返回的结果中形成一条新的记录。如上面Person X和Person Y对应的情况。
b. 对于table2中的每一条记录对应的城市如果在table1中也恰好存在而且有N条，
那么就会在返回的结果中形成N条新的记录。如上面的Person W对应的情况。
c. 对于table2中的每一条记录对应的城市如果在table1中不存在，那么就会在返回的结果中形成一条
条新的记录，且该记录的左边全部NULL。如上面的Person Z对应的情况。
不符合上面三条规则的记录不会被列出。
3. MySQL内连接
mysql> SELECT table1.*,table2.* FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.city = table2.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL内连接的数据记录中，不会存在字段为NULL的情况。
可以简单地认为，内链接的结果就是在左连接或者右连接的结果中剔除存在字段为NULL的记录后所得到的结果。

注意，在MySQL中INNER JOIN ,JOIN ,CROSS JOIN这三者是等价的，指的都是内连接!
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 AS a INNER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.city = b.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 AS a JOIN table2 AS b ON a.city = b.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 AS a CROSS JOIN table2 AS b ON a.city = b.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

如果两个表中仅分别剩下内连接运算后所得的数据记录，如table1中只有Person A、Person B和Person C，
table2中只有Person W、Person X和Person Y，那么这两个表的之间的左连接,右连接和内连接的返回的结果是一样的。
mysql> DELETE FROM table1 WHERE name='person D';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1;
+----------+------+
| name     | city |
+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   |
| person C | SH   |
+----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> DELETE FROM table2 WHERE name='person Z';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM table2;
+----------+------+
| name     | city |
+----------+------+
| person W | BJ   |
| person X | SH   |
| person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT table1.*,table2.* FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.city =table2.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT table1.*,table2.* FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.city =table2.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT table1.*,table2.* FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.city =table2.city;
+----------+------+----------+------+
| name     | city | name     | city |
+----------+------+----------+------+
| person A | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person B | BJ   | person W | BJ   |
| person C | SH   | person X | SH   |
| person C | SH   | person Y | SH   |
+----------+------+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

原文链接：http://database.51cto.com/art/200907/138541.htm