Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host.

在爬虫的时候出现一些报错但是并不影响其效果。

我们将其警告隐藏即可。

错误提示:

Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host '爬取的网址'. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings

#在前面加上
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()

 

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The importance of social media as a way to monitor an electoral campaign is well established. Day-by-day, hour-by-hour evaluation of the evolution of online ideas and opinion allows observers and scholars to monitor trends and momentum in public opinion well before traditional polls. However, there are difficulties in recording and analyzing often brief, unverified comments while the unequal age, gender, social and racial representation among social media users can produce inaccurate forecasts of final polls. Reviewing the different techniques employed using social media to nowcast and forecast elections, this book assesses its achievements and limitations while presenting a new technique of "sentiment analysis" to improve upon them. The authors carry out a meta-analysis of the existing literature to show the conditions under which social media-based electoral forecasts prove most accurate while new case studies from France, the United States and Italy demonstrate how much more accurate "sentiment analysis" can prove. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Social media electoral forecasts: an overview Chapter 2 From noise to signal in sentiment and opinion analysis Chapter 3 Nowcasting and forecasting electoral campaigns: evidence from France, the United States and Italy Chapter 4 Leaders, promises and negative campaigning: digging into an electoral campaign through social media Chapter 5 Social media and electoral forecasts: sources of bias and meta-analysis Chapter 6 Conclusion: “To predict or not to predict?” Future avenues of social media research within and beyond electoral forecasts

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