前置知识:微分的定义和介绍
例1
函数 y = x + 1 y=\sqrt{x+1} y=x+1在点 x = 0 x=0 x=0处,当自变量改变量 Δ x = 0.04 \Delta x=0.04 Δx=0.04时, d y = ‾ dy=\underline{\qquad} dy=.
解:
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1
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0
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0.5
\qquad f'(x)=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x+1}}|_{x=0}=0.5
f′(x)=2x+11∣x=0=0.5
d y = f ′ ( x ) Δ x = 0.5 × 0.04 = 0.02 \qquad dy=f'(x)\Delta x=0.5\times 0.04=0.02 dy=f′(x)Δx=0.5×0.04=0.02
例2
设函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可导,且 f ′ ( x 0 ) ≠ 0 f'(x_0)\neq0 f′(x0)=0,则 lim Δ x → 0 Δ y − d y Δ x = ‾ \lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\Delta y-dy}{\Delta x}=\underline{\qquad} Δx→0limΔxΔy−dy=.
解:
lim
Δ
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0
Δ
y
−
d
y
Δ
x
=
lim
Δ
x
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0
Δ
y
−
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Δ
x
Δ
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lim
Δ
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0
Δ
y
Δ
x
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f
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f
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x
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−
f
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=
0
\qquad \lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\Delta y-dy}{\Delta x}=\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\Delta y-f'(x)\Delta x}{\Delta x}=\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}-f'(x)=f'(x)-f'(x)=0
Δx→0limΔxΔy−dy=Δx→0limΔxΔy−f′(x)Δx=Δx→0limΔxΔy−f′(x)=f′(x)−f′(x)=0
\qquad 所以 lim Δ x → 0 Δ y − d y Δ x = 0 \lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\Delta y-dy}{\Delta x}=0 Δx→0limΔxΔy−dy=0