正弦定理
对于 Δ A B C \Delta ABC ΔABC,有
a sin A = b sin B = c sin C \dfrac{a}{\sin A}=\dfrac{b}{\sin B}=\dfrac{c}{\sin C} sinAa=sinBb=sinCc
证明:
\qquad
作三角形
Δ
A
B
C
\Delta ABC
ΔABC的外接圆,连接
B
O
BO
BO并延长交圆
O
O
O于点
D
D
D,连
C
D
CD
CD
\qquad 设外接圆的半径为 R R R
\qquad 若 ∠ A \angle A ∠A为锐角,则 a = B D sin ∠ B D C = 2 R sin A a=BD\sin \angle BDC=2R\sin A a=BDsin∠BDC=2RsinA
\qquad 所以 a sin A = 2 R \dfrac{a}{\sin A}=2R sinAa=2R
\qquad 若 ∠ A \angle A ∠A为直角,则 a = 2 R a=2R a=2R, sin A = 1 \sin A=1 sinA=1
\qquad 所以 a sin A = 2 R \dfrac{a}{\sin A}=2R sinAa=2R
\qquad 若 ∠ A \angle A ∠A为钝角, a = B D sin ∠ B D C = 2 R sin ( 18 0 ∘ − ∠ A ) = 2 R sin A a=BD\sin \angle BDC=2R\sin(180^{\circ}-\angle A)=2R\sin A a=BDsin∠BDC=2Rsin(180∘−∠A)=2RsinA
\qquad 所以 a sin A = 2 R \dfrac{a}{\sin A}=2R sinAa=2R
\qquad 同理可得 b sin B = 2 R \dfrac{b}{\sin B}=2R sinBb=2R, c sin C = 2 R \dfrac{c}{\sin C}=2R sinCc=2R
\qquad 综上所述, a sin A = b sin B = c sin C = 2 R \dfrac{a}{\sin A}=\dfrac{b}{\sin B}=\dfrac{c}{\sin C}=2R sinAa=sinBb=sinCc=2R
余弦定理
对于 Δ A B C \Delta ABC ΔABC,有
a
2
=
b
2
+
c
2
−
2
b
c
cos
A
a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos A
a2=b2+c2−2bccosA
b
2
=
a
2
+
c
2
−
2
a
c
cos
B
b^2=a^2+c^2-2ac\cos B
b2=a2+c2−2accosB
c
2
=
a
2
+
b
2
−
2
b
c
cos
C
c^2=a^2+b^2-2bc\cos C
c2=a2+b2−2bccosC
另一种表示方法为
cos A = b 2 + c 2 − a 2 2 b c \cos A=\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc} cosA=2bcb2+c2−a2
cos B = a 2 + c 2 − b 2 2 a c \cos B=\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2ac} cosB=2aca2+c2−b2
cos C = a 2 + b 2 − c 2 2 a b \cos C=\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab} cosC=2aba2+b2−c2
证明:
\qquad
过
B
B
B作
B
D
⊥
A
C
BD\bot AC
BD⊥AC交
A
C
AC
AC于点
D
D
D
\qquad 若 ∠ A \angle A ∠A为锐角,根据勾股定理, a 2 = d 2 + ( b − A D ) 2 a^2=d^2+(b-AD)^2 a2=d2+(b−AD)2
\qquad 所以 a 2 = d 2 + ( b − A D ) 2 = c 2 − A D 2 + b 2 − 2 b ⋅ A D + A D 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos ∠ B A C a^2=d^2+(b-AD)^2=c^2-AD^2+b^2-2b\cdot AD+AD^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos \angle BAC a2=d2+(b−AD)2=c2−AD2+b2−2b⋅AD+AD2=b2+c2−2bccos∠BAC
\qquad 若 ∠ A \angle A ∠A为直角,根据勾股定理, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 a^2=b^2+c^2 a2=b2+c2, cos A = 0 \cos A=0 cosA=0
\qquad 所以 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos ∠ B A C a^2=b^2+c^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos \angle BAC a2=b2+c2=b2+c2−2bccos∠BAC
\qquad 若 ∠ A \angle A ∠A为钝角,根据勾股定理, a 2 = C D 2 + d 2 a^2=CD^2+d^2 a2=CD2+d2
\qquad 所以 a 2 = ( A D + b ) 2 + d 2 = A D 2 + 2 b A D + b 2 + c 2 − A D 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos ∠ B A C a^2=(AD+b)^2+d^2=AD^2+2bAD+b^2+c^2-AD^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos \angle BAC a2=(AD+b)2+d2=AD2+2bAD+b2+c2−AD2=b2+c2−2bccos∠BAC
\qquad
同理可得
b
2
=
a
2
+
c
2
−
2
a
c
cos
B
b^2=a^2+c^2-2ac\cos B
b2=a2+c2−2accosB,
c
2
=
a
2
+
b
2
−
2
b
c
cos
C
c^2=a^2+b^2-2bc\cos C
c2=a2+b2−2bccosC