Matplotlib
这是一个分为四部分的Matplolib教程。
1st 部分:
第一部分介绍了Matplotlib基本功能，基本figure类型。
Simple Plotting example
In [113]:
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #importing matplot lib library import numpy as np x = range(100) #print x, print and check what is x y =[val**2 for val in x] #print y plt.plot(x,y) #plotting x and y
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fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2) for ax in axes: ax.plot(x, y, 'r') ax.set_xlabel('x') ax.set_ylabel('y') ax.set_title('title') fig.tight_layout()
fig, ax = plt.subplots() ax.plot(x, x**2, label="y = x**2") ax.plot(x, x**3, label="y = x**3") ax.legend(loc=2); # upper left corner ax.set_xlabel('x') ax.set_ylabel('y') ax.set_title('title');
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10,4)) axes[0].plot(x, x**2, x, np.exp(x)) axes[0].set_title("Normal scale") axes[1].plot(x, x**2, x, np.exp(x)) axes[1].set_yscale("log") axes[1].set_title("Logarithmic scale (y)");
n = np.array([0,1,2,3,4,5])
In [47]:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 4, figsize=(12,3)) axes[0].scatter(xx, xx + 0.25*np.random.randn(len(xx))) axes[0].set_title("scatter") axes[1].step(n, n**2, lw=2) axes[1].set_title("step") axes[2].bar(n, n**2, align="center", width=0.5, alpha=0.5) axes[2].set_title("bar") axes[3].fill_between(x, x**2, x**3, color="green", alpha=0.5); axes[3].set_title("fill_between");
Using Numpy
In [17]:
x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100) y =np.sin(x) plt.plot(x,y)
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In [24]:
x= np.linspace(-3,2, 200) Y = x ** 2 - 2 * x + 1. plt.plot(x,Y)
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In [32]:
# plotting multiple plots
x =np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100) y = np.sin(x) z = np.cos(x) plt.plot(x,y) plt.plot(x,z) plt.show() # Matplot lib picks different colors for different plot.
In [35]:
cd C:\Users\tk\Desktop\Matplot
In [39]:
data = np.loadtxt('numpy.txt') plt.plot(data[:,0], data[:,1]) # plotting column 1 vs column 2 # The text in the numpy.txt should look like this # 0 0 # 1 1 # 2 4 # 4 16 # 5 25 # 6 36
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In [56]:
data1 = np.loadtxt('scipy.txt') # load the file print data1.T for val in data1.T: #loop over each and every value in data1.T plt.plot(data1[:,0], val) #data1[:,0] is the first row in data1.T # data in scipy.txt looks like this: # 0 0 6 # 1 1 5 # 2 4 4 # 4 16 3 # 5 25 2 # 6 36 1
Scatter Plots and Bar Graphs
In [64]:
sct = np.random.rand(20, 2) print sct plt.scatter(sct[:,0], sct[:,1]) # I am plotting a scatter plot.
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In [65]:
ghj =[5, 10 ,15, 20, 25] it =[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] plt.bar(ghj, it) # simple bar graph
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In [74]:
ghj =[5, 10 ,15, 20, 25] it =[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] plt.bar(ghj, it, width =5)# you can change the thickness of a bar, by default the bar will have a thickness of 0.8 units
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In [75]:
ghj =[5, 10 ,15, 20, 25] it =[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] plt.barh(ghj, it) # barh is a horizontal bar graph
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Multiple bar charts
In [95]:
new_list = [[5., 25., 50., 20.], [4., 23., 51., 17.], [6., 22., 52., 19.]] x = np.arange(4) plt.bar(x + 0.00, new_list[0], color ='b', width =0.25) plt.bar(x + 0.25, new_list[1], color ='r', width =0.25) plt.bar(x + 0.50, new_list[2], color ='g', width =0.25) #plt.show()
In [100]:
#Stacked Bar charts
p = [5., 30., 45., 22.] q = [5., 25., 50., 20.] x =range(4) plt.bar(x, p, color ='b') plt.bar(x, q, color ='y', bottom =p)
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In [35]:
# plotting more than 2 values
A = np.array([5., 30., 45., 22.]) B = np.array([5., 25., 50., 20.]) C = np.array([1., 2., 1., 1.]) X = np.arange(4) plt.bar(X, A, color = 'b') plt.bar(X, B, color = 'g', bottom = A) plt.bar(X, C, color = 'r', bottom = A + B) # for the third argument, I use A+B plt.show()
In [94]:
black_money = np.array([5., 30., 45., 22.]) white_money = np.array([5., 25., 50., 20.]) z = np.arange(4) plt.barh(z, black_money, color ='g') plt.barh(z, -white_money, color ='r')# - notation is needed for generating, back to back charts
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Other Plots
In [114]:
#Pie charts
y = [5, 25, 45, 65] plt.pie(y)
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In [115]:
#Histograms
d = np.random.randn(100) plt.hist(d, bins = 20)
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In [116]:
d = np.random.randn(100) plt.boxplot(d) #1) The red bar is the median of the distribution #2) The blue box includes 50 percent of the data from the lower quartile to the upper quartile. # Thus, the box is centered on the median of the data.
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In [118]:
d = np.random.randn(100, 5) # generating multiple box plots plt.boxplot(d)
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2nd 部分:
包含了怎么调整figure的样式和颜色，例如：makers,line,thicness,line patterns和color map.
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [22]:
p =np.random.standard_normal((50,2)) p += np.array((-1,1)) # center the distribution at (-1,1) q =np.random.standard_normal((50,2)) q += np.array((1,1)) #center the distribution at (-1,1) plt.scatter(p[:,0], p[:,1], color ='.25') plt.scatter(q[:,0], q[:,1], color = '.75')
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In [34]:
dd =np.random.standard_normal((50,2)) plt.scatter(dd[:,0], dd[:,1], color ='1.0', edgecolor ='0.0') # edge color controls the color of the edge
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Custom Color for Bar charts,Pie charts and box plots:
The below bar graph, plots x(1 to 50) (vs) y(50 random integers, within 0-100. But you need different colors for each value. For which we create a list containing four colors(color_set). The list comprehension creates 50 different color values from color_set
In [9]:
vals = np.random.random_integers(99, size =50) color_set = ['.00', '.25', '.50','.75'] color_lists = [color_set[(len(color_set)* val) // 100] for val in vals] c = plt.bar(np.arange(50), vals, color = color_lists)
In [8]:
hi =np.random.random_integers(8, size =10) color_set =['.00', '.25', '.50', '.75'] plt.pie(hi, colors = color_set)# colors attribute accepts a range of values plt.show() #If there are less colors than values, then pyplot.pie() will simply cycle through the color list. In the preceding #example, we gave a list of four colors to color a pie chart that consisted of eight values. Thus, each color will be used twice
In [27]:
values = np.random.randn(100) w = plt.boxplot(values) for att, lines in w.iteritems(): for l in lines: l.set_color('k')
Color Maps
know more about hsv
In [34]:
# how to color scatter plots
#Colormaps are defined in the matplotib.cm module. This module provides
#functions to create and use colormaps. It also provides an exhaustive choice of predefined color maps.
import matplotlib.cm as cm N = 256 angle = np.linspace(0, 8 * 2 * np.pi, N) radius = np.linspace(.5, 1., N) X = radius * np.cos(angle) Y = radius * np.sin(angle) plt.scatter(X,Y, c=angle, cmap = cm.hsv)
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In [44]:
#Color in bar graphs
import matplotlib.cm as cm
vals = np.random.random_integers(99, size =50) cmap = cm.ScalarMappable(col.Normalize(0,99), cm.binary) plt.bar(np.arange(len(vals)),vals, color =cmap.to_rgba(vals))
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Line Styles
In [4]:
# I am creating 3 levels of gray plots, with different line shades
def pq(I, mu, sigma): a = 1. / (sigma * np.sqrt(2. * np.pi)) b = -1. / (2. * sigma ** 2) return a * np.exp(b * (I - mu) ** 2) I =np.linspace(-6,6, 1024) plt.plot(I, pq(I, 0., 1.), color = 'k', linestyle ='solid') plt.plot(I, pq(I, 0., .5), color = 'k', linestyle ='dashed') plt.plot(I, pq(I, 0., .25), color = 'k', linestyle ='dashdot')
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In [12]:
N = 15
A = np.random.random(N) B= np.random.random(N) X = np.arange(N) plt.bar(X, A, color ='.75') plt.bar(X, A+B , bottom = A, color ='W', linestyle ='dashed') # plot a bar graph plt.show()
In [20]:
def gf(X, mu, sigma): a = 1. / (sigma * np.sqrt(2. * np.pi)) b = -1. / (2. * sigma ** 2) return a * np.exp(b * (X - mu) ** 2) X = np.linspace(-6, 6, 1024) for i in range(64): samples = np.random.standard_normal(50) mu,sigma = np.mean(samples), np.std(samples) plt.plot(X, gf(X, mu, sigma), color = '.75', linewidth = .5) plt.plot(X, gf(X, 0., 1.), color ='.00', linewidth = 3.)
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Fill surfaces with pattern
In [27]:
N = 15
A = np.random.random(N) B= np.random.random(N) X = np.arange(N) plt.bar(X, A, color ='w', hatch ='x') plt.bar(X, A+B,bottom =A, color ='r', hatch ='/') # some other hatch attributes are : #/ #\ #| #- #+ #x #o #O #. #*
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Marker styles
In [29]:
cd C:\Users\tk\Desktop\Matplot
Come back to this section later
In [14]:
X= np.linspace(-6,6,1024) Ya =np.sinc(X) Yb = np.sinc(X) +1 plt.plot(X, Ya, marker ='o', color ='.75') plt.plot(X, Yb, marker ='^', color='.00', markevery= 32)# this one marks every 32 nd element
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In [31]:
# Marker Size
A = np.random.standard_normal((50,2)) A += np.array((-1,1)) B = np.random.standard_normal((50,2)) B += np.array((1, 1)) plt.scatter(A[:,0], A[:,1], color ='k', s =25.0) plt.scatter(B[:,0], B[:,1], color ='g', s = 100.0) # size of the marker is specified using 's' attribute
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Own Marker Shapes- come back to this later
In [65]:
# more about markers
X =np.linspace(-6,6, 1024) Y =np.sinc(X) plt.plot(X,Y, color ='r', marker ='o', markersize =9, markevery = 30, markerfacecolor='w', linewidth = 3.0, markeredgecolor = 'b')
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In [20]:
import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.rc('lines', linewidth =3) mpl.rc('xtick', color ='w') # color of x axis numbers mpl.rc('ytick', color = 'w') # color of y axis numbers mpl.rc('axes', facecolor ='g', edgecolor ='y') # color of axes mpl.rc('figure', facecolor ='.00',edgecolor ='w') # color of figure mpl.rc('axes', color_cycle = ('y','r')) # color of plots x = np.linspace(0, 7, 1024) plt.plot(x, np.sin(x)) plt.plot(x, np.cos(x))
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3rd 部分:
图的注释--包含若干图，控制坐标轴范围，长款比和坐标轴。
Annotation
In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [28]:
X =np.linspace(-6,6, 1024) Y =np.sinc(X) plt.title('A simple marker exercise')# a title notation plt.xlabel('array variables') # adding xlabel plt.ylabel(' random variables') # adding ylabel plt.text(-5, 0.4, 'Matplotlib') # -5 is the x value and 0.4 is y value plt.plot(X,Y, color ='r', marker ='o', markersize =9, markevery = 30, markerfacecolor='w', linewidth = 3.0, markeredgecolor = 'b')
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In [39]:
def pq(I, mu, sigma): a = 1. / (sigma * np.sqrt(2. * np.pi)) b = -1. / (2. * sigma ** 2) return a * np.exp(b * (I - mu) ** 2) I =np.linspace(-6,6, 1024) plt.plot(I, pq(I, 0., 1.), color = 'k', linestyle ='solid') plt.plot(I, pq(I, 0., .5), color = 'k', linestyle ='dashed') plt.plot(I, pq(I, 0., .25), color = 'k', linestyle ='dashdot') # I have created a dictinary of styles design = { 'facecolor' : 'y', # color used for the text box 'edgecolor' : 'g', 'boxstyle' : 'round' } plt.text(-4, 1.5, 'Matplot Lib', bbox = design) plt.plot(X, Y, c='k') plt.show() #This sets the style of the box, which can either be 'round' or 'square' #'pad': If 'boxstyle' is set to 'square', it defines the amount of padding between the text and the box's sides
Alignment Control
The text is bound by a box. This box is used to relatively align the text to the coordinates passed to pyplot.text(). Using the verticalalignment and horizontalalignment parameters (respective shortcut equivalents are va and ha), we can control how the alignment is done.
The vertical alignment options are as follows:
'center': This is relative to the center of the textbox
'top': This is relative to the upper side of the textbox
'bottom': This is relative to the lower side of the textbox
'baseline': This is relative to the text's baseline
Horizontal alignment options are as follows:
align ='bottom' align ='baseline'
------------------------align = center--------------------------------------
align= 'top
In [41]:
cd C:\Users\tk\Desktop
In [44]:
from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='text alignment.png') #The horizontal alignment options are as follows: #'center': This is relative to the center of the textbox #'left': This is relative to the left side of the textbox #'right': This is relative to the right-hand side of the textbox
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In [76]:
X = np.linspace(-4, 4, 1024) Y = .25 * (X + 4.) * (X + 1.) * (X - 2.) plt.annotate('Big Data', ha ='center', va ='bottom', xytext =(-1.5, 3.0), xy =(0.75, -2.7), arrowprops ={'facecolor': 'green', 'shrink':0.05, 'edgecolor': 'black'}) #arrow properties plt.plot(X, Y)
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In [74]:
#arrow styles are :
from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='arrows.png')
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Legend properties:
'loc': This is the location of the legend. The default value is 'best', which will place it automatically. Other valid values are
'upper left', 'lower left', 'lower right', 'right', 'center left', 'center right', 'lower center', 'upper center', and 'center'.
'shadow': This can be either True or False, and it renders the legend with a shadow effect.
'fancybox': This can be either True or False and renders the legend with a rounded box.
'title': This renders the legend with the title passed as a parameter.
'ncol': This forces the passed value to be the number of columns for the legend
In [101]:
x =np.linspace(0, 6,1024) y1 =np.sin(x) y2 =np.cos(x) plt.xlabel('Sin Wave') plt.ylabel('Cos Wave') plt.plot(x, y1, c='b', lw =3.0, label ='Sin(x)') # labels are specified plt.plot(x, y2, c ='r', lw =3.0, ls ='--', label ='Cos(x)') plt.legend(loc ='best', shadow = True, fancybox = False, title ='Waves', ncol =1) # displays the labels plt.grid(True, lw = 2, ls ='--', c='.75') # adds grid lines to the figure plt.show()
Shapes
In [4]:
#Paths for several kinds of shapes are available in the matplotlib.patches module
import matplotlib.patches as patches
dis = patches.Circle((0,0), radius = 1.0, color ='.75' ) plt.gca().add_patch(dis) # used to render the image. dis = patches.Rectangle((2.5, -.5), 2.0, 1.0, color ='.75') #patches.rectangle((x & y coordinates), length, breadth) plt.gca().add_patch(dis) dis = patches.Ellipse((0, -2.0), 2.0, 1.0, angle =45, color ='.00') plt.gca().add_patch(dis) dis = patches.FancyBboxPatch((2.5, -2.5), 2.0, 1.0, boxstyle ='roundtooth', color ='g') plt.gca().add_patch(dis) plt.grid(True) plt.axis('scaled') # displays the images within the prescribed axis plt.show() #FancyBox: This is like a rectangle but takes an additional boxstyle parameter #(either 'larrow', 'rarrow', 'round', 'round4', 'roundtooth', 'sawtooth', or 'square')
In [22]:
import matplotlib.patches as patches
theta = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 8) # generates an array vertical = np.vstack((np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta))).transpose() # vertical stack clubs the two arrays. #print vertical, print and see how the array looks plt.gca().add_patch(patches.Polygon(vertical, color ='y')) plt.axis('scaled') plt.grid(True) plt.show() #The matplotlib.patches.Polygon()constructor takes a list of coordinates as the inputs, that is, the vertices of the polygon
In [34]:
# a polygon can be imbided into a circle
theta = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 6) # generates an array vertical = np.vstack((np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta))).transpose() # vertical stack clubs the two arrays. #print vertical, print and see how the array looks plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Circle((0,0), radius =1.0, color ='b')) plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Polygon(vertical, fill =None, lw =4.0, ls ='dashed', edgecolor ='w')) plt.axis('scaled') plt.grid(True) plt.show()
Ticks in Matplotlib
In [54]:
#In matplotlib, ticks are small marks on both the axes of a figure
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker
X = np.linspace(-12, 12, 1024) Y = .25 * (X + 4.) * (X + 1.) * (X - 2.) pl =plt.axes() #the object that manages the axes of a figure pl.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(5)) pl.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1)) plt.plot(X, Y, c = 'y') plt.grid(True, which ='major') # which can take three values: minor, major and both plt.show()
In [59]:
name_list = ('Omar', 'Serguey', 'Max', 'Zhou', 'Abidin') value_list = np.random.randint(0, 99, size = len(name_list)) pos_list = np.arange(len(name_list)) ax = plt.axes() ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.FixedLocator((pos_list))) ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(ticker.FixedFormatter((name_list))) plt.bar(pos_list, value_list, color = '.75',align = 'center') plt.show()
4th 部分:
包含了一些复杂图形。
Working with figures
In [4]:
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [5]:
T = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 1024) # fig, (ax0, ax1) = plt.subplots(ncols =2) ax0.plot(np.sin(2 * T), np.cos(0.5 * T), c = 'k') ax1.plot(np.cos(3 * T), np.sin(T), c = 'k') plt.show()
Setting aspect ratio
In [7]:
T = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 1024) plt.plot(2. * np.cos(T), np.sin(T), c = 'k', lw = 3.) plt.axes().set_aspect('equal') # remove this line of code and see how the figure looks plt.show()
In [12]:
X = np.linspace(-6, 6, 1024) Y1, Y2 = np.sinc(X), np.cos(X) plt.figure(figsize=(10.24, 2.56)) #sets size of the figure plt.plot(X, Y1, c='r', lw = 3.) plt.plot(X, Y2, c='.75', lw = 3.) plt.show()
In [8]:
X = np.linspace(-6, 6, 1024) plt.ylim(-.5, 1.5) plt.plot(X, np.sinc(X), c = 'k') plt.show()
In [16]:
X = np.linspace(-6, 6, 1024) Y = np.sinc(X) X_sub = np.linspace(-3, 3, 1024)#coordinates of subplot Y_sub = np.sinc(X_sub) # coordinates of sub plot plt.plot(X, Y, c = 'b') sub_axes = plt.axes([.6, .6, .25, .25])# coordinates, length and width of the subplot frame sub_axes.plot(X_detail, Y_detail, c = 'r') plt.show()
Log Scale
In [20]:
X = np.linspace(1, 10, 1024) plt.yscale('log') # set y scale as log. we would use plot.xscale() plt.plot(X, X, c = 'k', lw = 2., label = r'$f(x)=x$') plt.plot(X, 10 ** X, c = '.75', ls = '--', lw = 2., label = r'$f(x)=e^x$') plt.plot(X, np.log(X), c = '.75', lw = 2., label = r'$f(x)=\log(x)$') plt.legend() plt.show() #The logarithm base is 10 by default, but it can be changed with the optional parameters basex and basey.
Polar Coordinates
In [23]:
T = np.linspace(0 , 2 * np.pi, 1024) plt.axes(polar = True) # show polar coordinates plt.plot(T, 1. + .25 * np.sin(16 * T), c= 'k') plt.show()
In [25]:
import matplotlib.patches as patches # import patch module from matplotlib
ax = plt.axes(polar = True) theta = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 8, endpoint = False) radius = .25 + .75 * np.random.random(size = len(theta)) points = np.vstack((theta, radius)).transpose() plt.gca().add_patch(patches.Polygon(points, color = '.75')) plt.show()
In [2]:
x = np.linspace(-6,6,1024) y= np.sin(x) plt.plot(x,y) plt.savefig('bigdata.png', c= 'y', transparent = True) #savefig function writes that data to a file # will create a file named bigdata.png. Its resolution will be 800 x 600 pixels, in 8-bit colors (24-bits per pixel)
In [3]:
theta =np.linspace(0, 2 *np.pi, 8) points =np.vstack((np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta))).T plt.figure(figsize =(6.0, 6.0)) plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Polygon(points, color ='r')) plt.axis('scaled') plt.grid(True) plt.savefig('pl.png', dpi =300) # try 'pl.pdf', pl.svg' #dpi is dots per inch. 300*8 x 6*300 = 2400 x 1800 pixels
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