MySQL数据库SQL优化第四篇：通过trace分析优化器如何选择执行计划

 MySQL5.6提供了对SQL的跟踪trace，通过trace文件能够进一步了解为什么优化器选择A执行计划而不是选择B执行计划，帮助我们更好地理解优化器行为。

    使用方式：首先打开trace，设置格式为JSON，设置trace最大能够使用的内存大小，避免解析过程中因为默认内存过小而不能够完整显示。

mysql> SET OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=on",END_MARKERS_IN_JSON=on;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SET OPTIMIZER_TRACE_MAX_MEM_SIZE=1000000;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

接下来执行想做trace 的SQL语句，例如想了解租赁表rental 中库存编号inventory_id 为4466 的电影拷贝在出租日期rental_date 为

2005-05-25 4：00：00~~5：00：00之间出租的记录。

mysql> select rental_id from rental where 1=1 and rental_date >='2005-05-25 04:00:00'
    -> and rental_date <='2005-05-25 05:00:00'and inventory_id=4466;
+-----------+
| rental_id |
+-----------+
|        39 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.18 sec)

最后，检查INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OPTIMIZER_TRACE 就可以知道MYSQL是如何执行SQL的：

 SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.OPTIMIZER_TRACE;

最后会输出一个格式如下的跟踪文件：

-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------+
| select rental_id from rental where 1=1 and rental_date >='2005-05-25 04:00:00'
and rental_date <='2005-05-25 05:00:00'and inventory_id=4466 | {
  "steps": [
    {
      "join_preparation": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `rental`.`rental_id` AS `rental_id` from `rental` where ((1 = 1) and (`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00') and (`rental`.`inventory_id` = 4466))"
          }
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_preparation */
    },
    {
      "join_optimization": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "condition_processing": {
              "condition": "WHERE",
              "original_condition": "((1 = 1) and (`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00') and (`rental`.`inventory_id` = 4466))",
              "steps": [
                {
                  "transformation": "equality_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "((1 = 1) and (`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00') and multiple equal(4466, `rental`.`inventory_id`))"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "constant_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "((1 = 1) and (`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00') and multiple equal(4466, `rental`.`inventory_id`))"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00') and multiple equal(4466, `rental`.`inventory_id`))"
                }
              ] /* steps */
            } /* condition_processing */
          },
          {
            "substitute_generated_columns": {
            } /* substitute_generated_columns */
          },
          {
            "table_dependencies": [
              {
                "table": "`rental`",
                "row_may_be_null": false,
                "map_bit": 0,
                "depends_on_map_bits": [
                ] /* depends_on_map_bits */
              }
            ] /* table_dependencies */
          },
          {
            "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
              {
                "table": "`rental`",
                "field": "inventory_id",
                "equals": "4466",
                "null_rejecting": false
              }
            ] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */
          },
          {
            "rows_estimation": [
              {
                "table": "`rental`",
                "range_analysis": {
                  "table_scan": {
                    "rows": 16008,
                    "cost": 1667.4
                  } /* table_scan */,
                  "potential_range_indexes": [
                    {
                      "index": "PRIMARY",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "rental_date",
                      "usable": true,
                      "key_parts": [
                        "rental_date",
                        "inventory_id",
                        "customer_id"
                      ] /* key_parts */
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "idx_fk_inventory_id",
                      "usable": true,
                      "key_parts": [
                        "inventory_id",
                        "rental_id"
                      ] /* key_parts */
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "idx_fk_customer_id",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    },
                    {
                      "index": "idx_fk_staff_id",
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "not_applicable"
                    }
                  ] /* potential_range_indexes */,
                  "best_covering_index_scan": {
                    "index": "rental_date",
                    "cost": 1607.9,
                    "chosen": true
                  } /* best_covering_index_scan */,
                  "setup_range_conditions": [
                  ] /* setup_range_conditions */,
                  "group_index_range": {
                    "chosen": false,
                    "cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"
                  } /* group_index_range */,
                  "analyzing_range_alternatives": {
                    "range_scan_alternatives": [
                      {
                        "index": "rental_date",
                        "ranges": [
                          "0x9975b24000 <= rental_date <= 0x9975b25000"
                        ] /* ranges */,
                        "index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
                        "rowid_ordered": false,
                        "using_mrr": false,
                        "index_only": true,
                        "rows": 10,
                        "cost": 1.2638,
                        "chosen": true
                      },
                      {
                        "index": "idx_fk_inventory_id",
                        "ranges": [
                          "4466 <= inventory_id <= 4466"
                        ] /* ranges */,
                        "index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
                        "rowid_ordered": true,
                        "using_mrr": false,
                        "index_only": false,
                        "rows": 5,
                        "cost": 4.4994,
                        "chosen": false,
                        "cause": "cost"
                      }
                    ] /* range_scan_alternatives */,
                    "analyzing_roworder_intersect": {
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"
                    } /* analyzing_roworder_intersect */
                  } /* analyzing_range_alternatives */,
                  "chosen_range_access_summary": {
                    "range_access_plan": {
                      "type": "range_scan",
                      "index": "rental_date",
                      "rows": 10,
                      "ranges": [
                        "0x9975b24000 <= rental_date <= 0x9975b25000"
                      ] /* ranges */
                    } /* range_access_plan */,
                    "rows_for_plan": 10,
                    "cost_for_plan": 1.2638,
                    "chosen": true
                  } /* chosen_range_access_summary */
                } /* range_analysis */
              }
            ] /* rows_estimation */
          },
          {
            "considered_execution_plans": [
              {
                "plan_prefix": [
                ] /* plan_prefix */,
                "table": "`rental`",
                "best_access_path": {
                  "considered_access_paths": [
                    {
                      "access_type": "ref",
                      "index": "idx_fk_inventory_id",
                      "rows": 5,
                      "cost": 3.8245,
                      "chosen": true
                    },
                    {
                      "rows_to_scan": 10,
                      "access_type": "range",
                      "range_details": {
                        "used_index": "rental_date"
                      } /* range_details */,
                      "resulting_rows": 10,
                      "cost": 2.2638,
                      "chosen": true
                    }
                  ] /* considered_access_paths */
                } /* best_access_path */,
                "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                "rows_for_plan": 10,
                "cost_for_plan": 2.2638,
                "chosen": true
              }
            ] /* considered_execution_plans */
          },
          {
            "attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
              "original_condition": "((`rental`.`inventory_id` = 4466) and (`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00'))",
              "attached_conditions_computation": [
              ] /* attached_conditions_computation */,
              "attached_conditions_summary": [
                {
                  "table": "`rental`",
                  "attached": "((`rental`.`inventory_id` = 4466) and (`rental`.`rental_date` >= '2005-05-25 04:00:00') and (`rental`.`rental_date` <= '2005-05-25 05:00:00'))"
                }
              ] /* attached_conditions_summary */
            } /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */
          },
          {
            "refine_plan": [
              {
                "table": "`rental`"
              }
            ] /* refine_plan */
          }
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_optimization */
    },
    {
      "join_execution": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_execution */
    }
  ] /* steps */
} |                                 0 |                       0 |