Mongodb快速入门之使用Java操作Mongodb
【IT168 专稿】在上一篇文章中,我们学习了Mongodb的安装和初步使用,在本文中,将学习如何使用Java去编程实现对Mongodb的操作。
HelloWorld程序
学习任何程序的第一步,都是编写HelloWorld程序,我们也不例外,看下如何通过Java编写一个HelloWorld的程序。
首先,要通过Java操作Mongodb,必须先下载Mongodb的Java驱动程序,可以在这里下载。
新建立一个Java工程,将下载的驱动程序放在库文件路径下,程序代码如下:
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import com.mongodb.BasicDBObject;
import com.mongodb.DB;
import com.mongodb.DBCollection;
import com.mongodb.DBCursor;
import com.mongodb.Mongo;
import com.mongodb.MongoException;
/**
* Java + MongoDB Hello world Example
*
*/
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// 实例化Mongo对象,连接27017端口
Mongo mongo = new Mongo( " localhost " , 27017 );
// 连接名为yourdb的数据库,假如数据库不存在的话,mongodb会自动建立
DB db = mongo.getDB( " yourdb " );
// Get collection from MongoDB, database named "yourDB"
// 从Mongodb中获得名为yourColleection的数据集合,如果该数据集合不存在,Mongodb会为其新建立
DBCollection collection = db.getCollection( " yourCollection " );
// 使用BasicDBObject对象创建一个mongodb的document,并给予赋值。
BasicDBObject document = new BasicDBObject();
document.put( " id " , 1001 );
document.put( " msg " , " hello world mongoDB in Java " );
// 将新建立的document保存到collection中去
collection.insert(document);
// 创建要查询的document
BasicDBObject searchQuery = new BasicDBObject();
searchQuery.put( " id " , 1001 );
// 使用collection的find方法查找document
DBCursor cursor = collection.find(searchQuery);
// 循环输出结果
while (cursor.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
System.out.println( " Done " );
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MongoException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
最后,输出的结果为:
" id " : 1001 , " msg " : " hello world mongoDB in Java " }
Done
在上面的例子中,演示了使用Java对Mongodb操作的重要方法和步骤,首先通过创建Mongodb对象,传入构造函数的参数是Mongodb的数据库所在地址和端口,然后使用
getDB方法获得要连接的数据库名,使用getCollection获得数据集合的名,然后通过新建立BasicDBObject对象去建立document,最后通过collection的insert方法,将建立的document保存到数据库中去。而collection的find方法,则是用来在数据库中查找document。
从Mongodb中获得collection数据集
在Mongodb中,可以通过如下方法获得数据库中的collection:
如果你不知道collection的名称,可以使用db.getCollectionNames()获得集合,然后再遍历,如下:
Set collections = db.getCollectionNames();
for (String collectionName : collections){
System.out.println(collectionName);
}
完成的一个例子如下:
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.Set;
import com.mongodb.DB;
import com.mongodb.DBCollection;
import com.mongodb.Mongo;
import com.mongodb.MongoException;
/**
* Java : Get collection from MongoDB
*
*/
public class GetCollectionApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Mongo mongo = new Mongo( " localhost " , 27017 );
DB db = mongo.getDB( " yourdb " );
Set < String > collections = db.getCollectionNames();
for (String collectionName : collections) {
System.out.println(collectionName);
}
DBCollection collection = db.getCollection( " yourCollection " );
System.out.println(collection.toString());
System.out.println( " Done " );
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MongoException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Mongodb中如何插入数据
下面,讲解下如何使用4种方式,将JSON数据插入到Mongodb中去。首先我们准备JSON
格式的数据,如下:
" database " : " mkyongDB " ,
" table " : " hosting " ,
" detail " :
{
records : 99 ,
index : " vps_index1 " ,
active : " true "
}
}
}
我们希望用不同的方式,通过JAVA代码向Mongodb插入以上格式的JSON数据
第一种方法,是使用BasicDBObject,方法如下代码所示:
document.put( " database " , " mkyongDB " );
document.put( " table " , " hosting " );
BasicDBObject documentDetail = new BasicDBObject();
documentDetail.put( " records " , " 99 " );
documentDetail.put( " index " , " vps_index1 " );
documentDetail.put( " active " , " true " );
document.put( " detail " , documentDetail);
collection.insert(document);
第二种方法是使用BasicDBObjectBuilder对象,如下代码所示:
.add( " database " , " mkyongDB " )
.add( " table " , " hosting " );
BasicDBObjectBuilder documentBuilderDetail = BasicDBObjectBuilder.start()
.add( " records " , " 99 " )
.add( " index " , " vps_index1 " )
.add( " active " , " true " );
documentBuilder.add( " detail " , documentBuilderDetail.get());
collection.insert(documentBuilder.get());
第三种方法是使用Map对象,代码如下:
documentMap.put( " database " , " mkyongDB " );
documentMap.put( " table " , " hosting " );
Map documentMapDetail = new HashMap();
documentMapDetail.put( " records " , " 99 " );
documentMapDetail.put( " index " , " vps_index1 " );
documentMapDetail.put( " active " , " true " );
documentMap.put( " detail " , documentMapDetail);
collection.insert( new BasicDBObject(documentMap));
第四种方法,也就是最简单的,即直接插入JSON格式数据
" 'detail' : {'records' : 99, 'index' : 'vps_index1', 'active' : 'true'}}} " ;
DBObject dbObject = (DBObject)JSON.parse(json);
collection.insert(dbObject);
这里使用了JSON的parse方法,将解析后的JSON字符串转变为DBObject对象后再直接插入到collection中去。
完整的代码如下所示:
importjava.net.UnknownHostException;
importjava.util.HashMap;
importjava.util.Map;
importcom.mongodb.BasicDBObject;
importcom.mongodb.BasicDBObjectBuilder;
importcom.mongodb.DB;
importcom.mongodb.DBCollection;
importcom.mongodb.DBCursor;
importcom.mongodb.DBObject;
importcom.mongodb.Mongo;
importcom.mongodb.MongoException;
importcom.mongodb.util.JSON;
/**
* Java MongoDB : Insert a Document
*
*/
publicclass InsertDocumentApp {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args){
try {
Mongo mongo = new Mongo( " localhost " , 27017 );
DB db = mongo.getDB( " yourdb " );
// get a single collection
DBCollection collection = db.getCollection( " dummyColl " );
// BasicDBObject example
System.out.println( " BasicDBObject example... " );
BasicDBObject document = new BasicDBObject();
document.put( " database " , " mkyongDB " );
document.put( " table " , " hosting " );
BasicDBObject documentDetail = new BasicDBObject();
documentDetail.put( " records " , " 99 " );
documentDetail.put( " index " , " vps_index1 " );
documentDetail.put( " active " , " true " );
document.put( " detail " , documentDetail);
collection.insert(document);
DBCursor cursorDoc = collection.find();
while (cursorDoc.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursorDoc.next());
}
collection.remove( new BasicDBObject());
// BasicDBObjectBuilder example
System.out.println( " BasicDBObjectBuilder example... " );
BasicDBObjectBuilder documentBuilder = BasicDBObjectBuilder.start()
.add( " database " , " mkyongDB " )
.add( " table " , " hosting " );
BasicDBObjectBuilder documentBuilderDetail = BasicDBObjectBuilder.start()
.add( " records " , " 99 " )
.add( " index " , " vps_index1 " )
.add( " active " , " true " );
documentBuilder.add( " detail " , documentBuilderDetail.get());
collection.insert(documentBuilder.get());
DBCursor cursorDocBuilder = collection.find();
while (cursorDocBuilder.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursorDocBuilder.next());
}
collection.remove( new BasicDBObject());
// Map example
System.out.println( " Map example... " );
Map documentMap = new HashMap();
documentMap.put( " database " , " mkyongDB " );
documentMap.put( " table " , " hosting " );
Map documentMapDetail = new HashMap();
documentMapDetail.put( " records " , " 99 " );
documentMapDetail.put( " index " , " vps_index1 " );
documentMapDetail.put( " active " , " true " );
documentMap.put( " detail " , documentMapDetail);
collection.insert( new BasicDBObject(documentMap));
DBCursor cursorDocMap = collection.find();
while (cursorDocMap.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursorDocMap.next());
}
collection.remove( new BasicDBObject());
// JSON parse example
System.out.println( " JSON parse example... " );
String json = " {'database' : 'mkyongDB','table' : 'hosting', " +
" 'detail' : {'records' : 99, 'index' : 'vps_index1', 'active' : 'true'}}} " ;
DBObject dbObject = (DBObject)JSON.parse(json);
collection.insert(dbObject);
DBCursor cursorDocJSON = collection.find();
while (cursorDocJSON.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursorDocJSON.next());
}
collection.remove( new BasicDBObject());
} catch (UnknownHostException e){
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MongoException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
更新Document
假设如下的JSON格式的数据已经保存到Mongodb中去了,现在要更新相关的数据。
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostB " , " type " : " dedicated server " , " clients " : 100 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostC " , " type " : " vps " , " clients " : 900 }
假设现在要将hosting中值为hostB的进行更新,则可以使用如下的方法:
newDocument.put( " hosting " , " hostB " );
newDocument.put( " type " , " shared host " );
newDocument.put( " clients " , 111 );
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostB " ), newDocument);
可以看到,这里依然使用了BasicDBObject对象,并为其赋值了新的值后,然后使用collection的update方法,即可更新该对象。
更新后的输出如下:
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostB " , " type " : " shared host " , " clients " : 111 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostC " , " type " : " vps " , " clients " : 900 }
另外,还可以使用mongodb中的$inc修饰符号去对某个值进行更新,比如,要将hosting值为hostB的document的clients的值得更新为199(即100+99=199),可以这样:
new BasicDBObject().append( " clients " , 99 ));
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostB " ), newDocument);
则输出如下:
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostB " , " type " : " dedicated server " , " clients " : 199 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostC " , " type " : " vps " , " clients " : 900 }
接下来,讲解$set修饰符的使用。比如要把hosting中值为hostA的document中的
type的值进行修改,则可以如下实现:
new BasicDBObject().append( " type " , " dedicated server " ));
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostA " ), newDocument3);
则输出如下,把type的值从vps改为dedicated server:
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostC " , " type " : " vps " , " clients " : 900 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostA " , " clients " : 1000 , " type " : " dedicated server " }
要注意的是,如果不使用$set的修饰符,而只是如下代码:
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostA " ), newDocument3);
则会将所有的三个document的type类型都改为dedicated server了,因此要使用$set以更新特定的document的特定的值。
如果要更新多个document中相同的值,可以使用$multi,比如,要把所有vps为type的document,将它们的clients的值更新为888,可以如下实现:
new BasicDBObject().append( " clients " , " 888 " ));
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " type " , " vps " ), updateQuery, false , true );
输出如下:
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostB " , " type " : " dedicated server " , " clients " : 100 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " x " } , " hosting " : " hostC " , " clients " : " 888 " , " type " : " vps " }
最后,还是给出更新document的完整例子:
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import com.mongodb.BasicDBObject;
import com.mongodb.DB;
import com.mongodb.DBCollection;
import com.mongodb.DBCursor;
import com.mongodb.Mongo;
import com.mongodb.MongoException;
publicclass UpdateDocumentApp {
publicstaticvoid printAllDocuments(DBCollection collection){
DBCursor cursor = collection.find();
while (cursor.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
}
publicstaticvoid removeAllDocuments(DBCollection collection){
collection.remove( new BasicDBObject());
}
publicstaticvoid insertDummyDocuments(DBCollection collection){
BasicDBObject document = new BasicDBObject();
document.put( " hosting " , " hostA " );
document.put( " type " , " vps " );
document.put( " clients " , 1000 );
BasicDBObject document2 = new BasicDBObject();
document2.put( " hosting " , " hostB " );
document2.put( " type " , " dedicated server " );
document2.put( " clients " , 100 );
BasicDBObject document3 = new BasicDBObject();
document3.put( " hosting " , " hostC " );
document3.put( " type " , " vps " );
document3.put( " clients " , 900 );
collection.insert(document);
collection.insert(document2);
collection.insert(document3);
}
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
try {
Mongo mongo = new Mongo( " localhost " , 27017 );
DB db = mongo.getDB( " yourdb " );
DBCollection collection = db.getCollection( " dummyColl " );
System.out.println( " Testing 1... " );
insertDummyDocuments(collection);
// find hosting = hostB, and update it with new document
BasicDBObject newDocument = new BasicDBObject();
newDocument.put( " hosting " , " hostB " );
newDocument.put( " type " , " shared host " );
newDocument.put( " clients " , 111 );
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostB " ), newDocument);
printAllDocuments(collection);
removeAllDocuments(collection);
System.out.println( " Testing 2... " );
insertDummyDocuments(collection);
BasicDBObject newDocument2 = new BasicDBObject().append( " $inc " ,
new BasicDBObject().append( " clients " , 99 ));
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostB " ), newDocument2);
printAllDocuments(collection);
removeAllDocuments(collection);
System.out.println( " Testing 3... " );
insertDummyDocuments(collection);
BasicDBObject newDocument3 = new BasicDBObject().append( " $set " ,
new BasicDBObject().append( " type " , " dedicated server " ));
collection.update( new BasicDBObject().append( " hosting " , " hostA " ), newDocument3);
printAllDocuments(collection);
removeAllDocuments(collection);
System.out.println( " Testing 4... " );
insertDummyDocuments(collection);
BasicDBObject updateQuery = new BasicDBObject().append( " $set " ,
new BasicDBObject().append( " clients " , " 888 " ));
collection.update(
new BasicDBObject().append( " type " , " vps " ), updateQuery, false , true );
printAllDocuments(collection);
removeAllDocuments(collection);
System.out.println( " Done " );
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MongoException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
查询Document
下面学习如何查询document,先用下面的代码往数据库中插入1-10数字:
collection.insert( new BasicDBObject().append( " number " , i));
}
接下来,看下如下的例子:
1) 获得数据库中的第一个document:
System.out.println(dbObject);
输出为:
2)获得document的集合
while (cursor.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
这里,使用collection.find()方法,获得当前数据库中所有的documents对象集合
然后通过对DBCursor对象集合的遍历,即可输出当前所有documents。输出如下:
// ..........中间部分省略,为2到9的输出
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " 4dc7f7b7bd0fb9a86c6c80c6 " } , " number " : 10 }
3) 获取指定的document
比如要获得number=5的document对象内容,可以使用collection的find方法即可,如下:
query.put( " number " , 5 );
DBCursor cursor = collection.find(query);
while (cursor.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
即输出:
4) 使用in操作符号
在mongodb中,也可以使用in操作符,比如要获得number=9和number=10的document对象,可以如下操作:
List list = new ArrayList();
list.add( 9 );
list.add( 10 );
query.put( " number " , new BasicDBObject( " $in " , list));
DBCursor cursor = collection.find(query);
while (cursor.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
这里使用了一个List,并将list传入到BasicDBObject的构造函数中,并使用了in操作符号,输出如下:
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " 4dc7f7b7bd0fb9a86c6c80c6 " } , " number " : 10 }
5) 使用>,<等比较符号
在mongodb中,也可以使用比如>,<等数量比较符号,比如要输出number>5的document集合,则使用“$gt”即可,同理,小于关系则使用$lt,例子如下:
query.put( " number " , new BasicDBObject( " $gt " , 5 ));
DBCursor cursor = collection.find(query);
while (cursor.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
输出如下:
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " 4dc7f7b7bd0fb9a86c6c80c3 " } , " number " : 7 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " 4dc7f7b7bd0fb9a86c6c80c4 " } , " number " : 8 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " 4dc7f7b7bd0fb9a86c6c80c5 " } , " number " : 9 }
{ " _id " : { " $oid " : " 4dc7f7b7bd0fb9a86c6c80c6 " } , " number " : 10 }
也可以多个比较符号一起使用,比如要输出number > 5和number < 8的document,则如下:
BasicDBObject query = new BasicDBObject();
query.put( " number " , new BasicDBObject( " $gt " , 5 ).append( " $lt " , 8 ));
DBCursor cursor = collection.find(query);
while (cursor.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
同样,如果是不等于的关系的话,可以使用$ne操作符,如下:
query5.put( " number " , new BasicDBObject( " $ne " , 8 ));
DBCursor cursor6 = collection.find(query5);
while (cursor6.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor6.next());
}
以上输出number=8之外的所有document。
删除document
下面我们学习如何删除document,依然以上面的已插入的1-10的documents集合为例说明:
1) 删除第一个document
collection.remove(doc);
2) 删除指定的document
比如删除number=2的document,如下方法:
document.put( " number " , 2 );
collection.remove(document);
要注意的是,如下的方法将只会删除number=3的document。
document.put( " number " , 2 );
document.put( " number " , 3 );
collection.remove(document);
3) 使用in 操作符号指定删除document
下面的例子将同时删除number=4和number=5的document,使用的是in操作符
List list = new ArrayList();
list.add( 4 );
list.add( 5 );
query2.put( " number " , new BasicDBObject( " $in " , list));
collection.remove(query2);
4) 使用“$gt”删除大于某个值的document
query.put( " number " , new BasicDBObject( " $gt " , 9 ));
collection.remove(query);
以上会删除number=10的document。
5) 删除所有的document
while (cursor.hasNext()){
collection.remove(cursor.next());
}
保存图片到Mongodb
下面将讲解如何使用Java MongoDB GridFS API去保存图片等二进制文件到Monodb,关于Java MongoDB GridFS API的详细论述,请参考http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/GridFS+Specification
1)保存图片
代码段如下:
File imageFile = newFile( " c:\\JavaWebHosting.png " );
GridFS gfsPhoto = new GridFS(db, " photo " );
GridFSInputFile gfsFile = gfsPhoto.createFile(imageFile);
gfsFile.setFilename(newFileName);
gfsFile.save();
这里,将c盘下的JavaWebHosting.png保存到mongodb中去,并命名为mkyong-java-image。
2) 读取图片信息
代码段如下
GridFS gfsPhoto = new GridFS(db, " photo " );
GridFSDBFile imageForOutput = gfsPhoto.findOne(newFileName);
System.out.println(imageForOutput);
将会输出JSON格式的结果;
" _id " :
{
" $oid " : " 4dc9511a14a7d017fee35746 "
} ,
" chunkSize " : 262144 ,
" length " : 22672 ,
" md5 " : " 1462a6cfa27669af1d8d21c2d7dd1f8b " ,
" filename " : " mkyong-java-image " ,
" contentType " : null ,
" uploadDate " :
{
" $date " : " 2011-05-10T14:52:10Z "
} ,
" aliases " : null
}
可以看到,输出的是文件的属性相关信息。
3) 输出已保存的所有图片
下面代码段,输出所有保存在photo命名空间下的图片信息:
DBCursor cursor = gfsPhoto.getFileList();
while (cursor.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursor.next());
}
4) 从数据库中读取一张图片并另存
下面的代码段,从数据库中读取一张图片并另存为另外一张图片到磁盘中
GridFS gfsPhoto = new GridFS(db, " photo " );
GridFSDBFile imageForOutput = gfsPhoto.findOne(newFileName);
imageForOutput.writeTo( " c:\\JavaWebHostingNew.png " );
5) 删除图片
GridFS gfsPhoto = new GridFS(db, " photo " );
gfsPhoto.remove(gfsPhoto.findOne(newFileName));
如何将JSON数据格式转化为DBObject格式
在mongodb中,可以使用com.mongodb.util.JSON类,将JSON格式的字符串转变为DBObject对象。MongoDB for JAVA驱动中提供了用于向数据库中存储普通对象的接口DBObject,当一个文档从MongoDB中取出时,它会自动把文档转换成DBObject接口类型,要将它实例化为需要的对象。比如:
' name ' : ' mkyong ' ,
' age ' : 30
}
这样的JSON格式字符串,转换方法为:
完整的代码如下:
importjava.net.UnknownHostException;
importcom.mongodb.DB;
importcom.mongodb.DBCollection;
importcom.mongodb.DBCursor;
importcom.mongodb.DBObject;
importcom.mongodb.Mongo;
importcom.mongodb.MongoException;
importcom.mongodb.util.JSON;
/**
* Java MongoDB : Convert JSON data to DBObject
*
*/
publicclass App {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args){
try {
Mongo mongo = new Mongo( " localhost " , 27017 );
DB db = mongo.getDB( " yourdb " );
DBCollection collection = db.getCollection( " dummyColl " );
DBObject dbObject = (DBObject) JSON
.parse( " {'name':'mkyong', 'age':30} " );
collection.insert(dbObject);
DBCursor cursorDoc = collection.find();
while (cursorDoc.hasNext()){
System.out.println(cursorDoc.next());
}
System.out.println( " Done " );
} catch (UnknownHostException e){
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (MongoException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
则输出为:
可以看到,将JSON格式的数据类型直接转换为mongodb中的文档类型并输出。
小结:
本文学习了如何使用Mongodb for JAVA驱动,对mongodb进行日常的数据库操作,比如增加,删除和修改,下一篇教程中,将指导学习Spring对mongodb的操作。