(mkimage)UBOOT引导Linux内核及向内核传递参数

［转］(mkimage)UBOOT引导Linux内核及向内核传递参数的方式

2010-05-25 21:09

一直以来没有想过有什么好的办法通过寄存器向内核传递参数，直到今天读UBOOT的实现方式。 在UBOOT中，引导内核最常用的方法是bootm命令，bootm命令可以引导“UBOOT格式”的内核。先花点时间了解一下什么是“UBOOT格式”的内核吧：用UBOOT自带的mkimage命令生成的内核称为"UBOOT"格式的内核。以下面这条命令为例： mkimage -n "Kernel 2.4.18" -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 30007fc0 -e 30008000 -d 4020.bin vmlinux-2.4.18.img 其中与内核引导最密切的是-e 30008000，也就是内核的入口地址。其它参数可以参考帮助信息。其它UBOOT格式的内核与原来相比，只是进行（可选）了压缩，并在前面加了一个 0x40大小的头。这个头里放了内核的位置(0x30007fc0)和入口地址(0x30008000)和其它信息。 bootm命令执行时，先对头部信息等进行校验，然后把头信息放到一个结构里面。最后根据内核类型调用相应的启动函数。对于Linux而言就是do_bootm_linux，在启动函数里面，有这么一个操作： theKernel = (void (*)(int, int, uint))ntohl(hdr->ih_ep);，这是最关键的一个操作，将内核的入口地址0x30008000赋给了theKernel，在启动函数的最后，使用 theKernel (0, bd->bi_arch_number, bd->bi_boot_params);启动内核。 根据传参规范，三个变量分别用r0,r1,r2传给内核，这样就巧妙地利用了函数指针进行了参数传递，实在是精妙！ 上面讲完了内核的引导及传参，需要引起注意的就是在使用mkimage命令生成内核时，-e后面的地址要比-a后面的地址偏移0x40，原因很简单，就不在细说了。 一、在开始之前先说明一下bootm相关的东西。 1、 首先说明一下，S3C2410架构下的bootm只对sdram中的内核镜像文件进行操作(好像AT91架构提供了一段从flash复制内核镜像的代码， 不过针对s3c2410架构就没有这段代码，虽然可以在u-boot下添加这段代码，不过好像这个用处不大)，所以请确保你的内核镜像下载到sdram 中，或者在bootcmd下把flash中的内核镜像复制到sdram中。 2、-a参数后是内核的运行地址，-e参数后是入口地址。 3、 1）如果我们没用mkimage对内核进行处理的话，那直接把内核下载到0x30008000再运行就行，内核会自解压运行（不过内核运行需要一个tag来传递参数，而这个tag建议是由bootloader提供的，在u-boot下默认是由bootm命令建立的）。 2）如果使用mkimage生成内核镜像文件的话，会在内核的前头加上了64byte的信息，供建立tag之用。bootm命令会首先判断bootm xxxx 这个指定的地址xxxx是否与-a指定的加载地址相同。 (1)如果不同的话会从这个地址开始提取出这个64byte的头部，对其进行分析，然后把去掉头部的内核复制到-a指定的load地址中去运行之 (2)如果相同的话那就让其原封不同的放在那，但-e指定的入口地址会推后64byte，以跳过这64byte的头部。 二、好，接着介绍使用mkimage生成镜像文件并下载运行的方法。 方法一、 1、首先，用u-boot/tools/mkimage这个工具为你的内核加上u-boot引导所需要的文件头，具体做法如下： [root@localhost tftpboot]#mkimage -n 'linux-2.6.14' -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 0x30008000 -e 0x30008000 -d zImage zImage.img Image Name:   linux-2.6.14 Created:      Fri Jan 12 17:14:50 2007 Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed) Data Size:    1262504 Bytes = 1232.91 kB = 1.20 MB Load Address: 0x30008000 Entry Point:  0x30008000 这里解释一下参数的意义：          -A ==> set architecture to 'arch' -O ==> set operating system to 'os' -T ==> set image type to 'type' -C ==> set compression type 'comp' -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex) -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex) -n ==> set image name to 'name' -d ==> use image data from 'datafile' -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)   2 、下载内核  U-Boot 1.1.3 (Jan 12 2007 - 16:16:36) U-Boot code: 33F80000 -> 33F9BAC0  BSS: -> 33F9FBAC RAM Configuration: Bank #0: 30000000 64 MB Nor Flash: 512 kB Nand Flash:  64 MB In:    serial Out:   serial Err:   serial Hit any key to stop autoboot:  0 sbc2410=>tftp 0x31000000 zImage.img          TFTP from server 192.168.1.115; our IP address is 192.168.1.128 Filename 'zImage.img'. Load address: 0x31000000 Loading: ################################################################# ################################################################# ################################################################# #################################################### done Bytes transferred = 1263324 (1346dc hex)  3.运行  sbc2410=>bootm 0x31000000 ## Booting image at 31000000 ... Image Name:   linun-2.6.14  Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed) Data Size:    1263260 Bytes =  1.2 MB Load Address: 30008000 Entry Point:  30008000 Verifying Checksum ... OK OK Starting kernel ... Uncompressing Linux.............................................................Linux version 2.6.14 (root@luofuchong) (gcc version 3.4.1) #21 Fri Oct 20 17:206CPU: ARM920Tid(wb) [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T) Machine: SMDK2410 Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback CPU S3C2410A (id 0x32410002) S3C2410: core 202.800 MHz, memory 101.400 MHz, peripheral 50.700 MHz S3C2410 Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on USB Control, (c) 2006 sbc2410 CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets Built 1 zonelists Kernel command line: console=ttySAC0 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.1.115:/frien"irq: clearing subpending status 00000002 PID hash table entries: 512 (order: 9, 8192 bytes) timer tcon=00500000, tcnt a509, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001e4c Console: colour dummy device 80x30 Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes) Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) Memory: 64MB = 64MB total Memory: 62208KB available (1924K code, 529K data, 108K init) Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok softlockup thread 0 started up. NET: Registered protocol family 16 S3C2410: Initialising architecture SCSI subsystem initialized usbcore: registered new driver usbfs usbcore: registered new driver hub S3C2410 DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004 Simtec Electronics DMA channel 0 at c4800000, irq 33 DMA channel 1 at c4800040, irq 34 DMA channel 2 at c4800080, irq 35 DMA channel 3 at c48000c0, irq 36 NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision) devfs: 2004-01-31 Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au) devfs: devfs_debug: 0x0 devfs: boot_options: 0x1 yaffs Oct 18 2006 12:39:51 Installing. Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 30x40 fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device fb1: Virtual frame buffer device, using 1024K of video memory led driver initialized s3c2410 buttons successfully loaded s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2410 s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2410 s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2410 io scheduler noop registered io scheduler anticipatory registered io scheduler deadline registered io scheduler cfq registered RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize usbcore: registered new driver ub Cirrus Logic CS8900A driver for Linux (Modified for SMDK2410) eth0: CS8900A rev E at 0xe0000300 irq=53, no eeprom , addr: 08: 0:3E:26:0A:5B S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics s3c2410-nand: mapped registers at c4980000 s3c2410-nand: timing: Tacls 10ns, Twrph0 30ns, Twrph1 10ns NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bi)Scanning device for bad blocks Bad eraseblock 1884 at 0x01d70000 Creating 4 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit": 0x00000000-0x00020000 : "vivi" 0x00020000-0x00030000 : "param" 0x00030000-0x00200000 : "kernel" 0x00200000-0x04000000 : "root" usbmon: debugfs is not available s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XX OHCI s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1 s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000 hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected Initializing USB Mass Storage driver... usbcore: registered new driver usb-storage USB Mass Storage support registered. usbcore: registered new driver usbmouse drivers/usb/input/usbmouse.c: v1.6:USB HID Boot Protocol mouse driver mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice s3c2410 TouchScreen successfully loaded UDA1341 audio driver initialized NET: Registered protocol family 2 IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) TCP established hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) TCP bind hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096) TCP reno registered TCP bic registered NET: Registered protocol family 1 IP-Config: Complete: device=eth0, addr=192.168.1.128, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=192.168.1.1, host=luofuchong, domain=, nis-domain=(none), bootserver=192.168.1.1, rootserver=192.168.1.115, rootpath= Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 192.168.1.115 Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 192.168.1.115 VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem). Mounted devfs on /dev Freeing init memory: 108K init started:  BusyBox v1.1.3 (2006.09.20-14:52+0000) multi-call binary Starting pid 696, console /dev/tts/0: '/etc/init.d/rcS' Please press Enter to activate this console. 方法二、 1、首先，用u-boot/tools/mkimage这个工具为你的内核加上u-boot引导所需要的文件头，具体做法如下： [root@localhost tftpboot]#mkimage -n 'linux-2.6.14' -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 0x30008000 -e 0x30008040 -d zImage zImage.img Image Name:   linux-2.6.14 Created:      Fri Jan 12 17:14:50 2007 Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed) Data Size:    1262504 Bytes = 1232.91 kB = 1.20 MB Load Address: 0x30008000 Entry Point:  0x30008040 2 、下载内核  U-Boot 1.1.3 (Jan 12 2007 - 16:16:36) U-Boot code: 33F80000 -> 33F9BAC0  BSS: -> 33F9FBAC RAM Configuration: Bank #0: 30000000 64 MB Nor Flash: 512 kB Nand Flash:  64 MB In:    serial Out:   serial Err:   serial Hit any key to stop autoboot:  0 sbc2410=>tftp 0x30008000 zImage.img          TFTP from server 192.168.1.115; our IP address is 192.168.1.128 Filename 'zImage.img'. Load address: 0x30008000 Loading: ################################################################# ################################################################# ################################################################# #################################################### done Bytes transferred = 1263324 (1346dc hex)  3.运行  sbc2410=>bootm 0x30008000 ## Booting image at 30008000 ... Image Name:   linux-2.6.14 Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed) Data Size:    1261056 Bytes =  1.2 MB Load Address: 30008000 Entry Point:  30008040 Verifying Checksum ... OK XIP Kernel Image ... OK 内核启动信息省。。。。 三、固化 如果你想把镜像文件写入flash，每次开机后让u-boot帮你复制到sdram中，再使用bootm命令引导的话，可以按照这样操作： sbc2410=>tftp 0x30008000 zImage.img TFTP from server 192.168.1.115; our IP address is 192.168.1.128 Filename 'zImage.img'. Load address: 0x30008000 Loading: ################################################################# ################################################################# ################################################################# #################################################### done Bytes transferred = 1263324 (1346dc hex) sbc2410=>nand erase 0x30000 0x1d0000 NAND erase: device 0 offset 196608, size 1900544 ... OK sbc2410=>nand write 0x30008000 0x30000 0x1d0000 NAND write: device 0 offset 196608, size 1900544 ...  1900544 bytes written: OK 设置u-boot启动命令： 1、针对方法一： sbc2410=>setenv bootcmd nand read 0x31000000 0x30000 0x1d0000\;bootm 0x31000000 sbc2410=>saveenv Saving Environment to NAND... Erasing Nand...Writing to Nand... done 2、针对方法二： sbc2410=>setenv bootcmd nand read 0x30008000 0x30000 0x1d0000\;bootm 0x30008000 sbc2410=>saveenv Saving Environment to NAND... Erasing Nand...Writing to Nand... done sbc2410=>reset 启动信息略。。。。 原文地址   http://lllove05121.blog.163.com/blog/static/1185552200956104024717/