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<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">1. <a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/linux" rel="nofollow" class="replace_word" title="Linux知识库" style="color:rgb(223,52,52);text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold;" target="_blank">Linux</a>的定时任务设置在<code class="sql plain">/etc/crontab</code>文件中，使用命令查看</p>
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<span style="border:none;color:#000000;background-color:inherit;"><span style="border:none;background-color:inherit;">cat /etc/crontab </span></span></li></ol></div>
<br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20150319161452399?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvdTAxMzk5NTE3Mg==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/Center" alt="" style="border:none;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"></p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><code class="sql plain">在/etc目录下有一个crontab文件，这里存放有系统运行的一些调度程序。每个用户可以建立自己的调度crontab。</code></p>
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<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><code class="sql plain">2. 定时任务的用户设置在/etc/cron.deny 和 /etc/cron.allow 文件</code>中</p>
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<code class="sql plain">/etc/cron.deny 表示不能使用crontab 命令的用户</code></div>
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<code class="sql plain">/etc/cron.allow 表示能使用crontab的用户。</code></div>
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<code class="sql spaces"> </code> </div>
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<code class="sql plain">如果两个文件同时存在，那么/etc/cron.allow 优先。</code></div>
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<code class="sql plain">如果两个文件都不存在，那么只有超级用户可以安排作业。</code></div>
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<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">本机没有设置，因此打印结果如上图所示。</p>
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<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><code class="sql plain">每个用户都会生成一个自己的crontab 文件。这些文件在/var/spool/cron目录下：</code></p>
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<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">本机的定时任务是root用户，打印出root后的内容如下：</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20150319162315159?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvdTAxMzk5NTE3Mg==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/Center" alt="" style="border:none;"><br></p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">这里要解释某些shell命令的意思：</p>
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<span style="border:none;color:#000000;background-color:inherit;"><span class="number" style="border:none;background-color:inherit;">0</span><span style="border:none;background-color:inherit;"> </span><span class="number" style="border:none;background-color:inherit;">0</span><span style="border:none;background-color:inherit;"> * * * find /opt/app/log/ -type f -mtime +</span><span class="number" style="border:none;background-color:inherit;">30</span><span style="border:none;background-color:inherit;"> -</span><span class="keyword" style="border:none;color:rgb(0,102,153);background-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;">exec</span><span style="border:none;background-color:inherit;"> rm {} \; </span></span></li></ol></div>
<span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">就是每天0点0分的时候找到/opt/app/log/ 文件下面所有时间大于30天的文件，然后删除它们。</span>
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<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">相关的主要知识点：find命令：<br></p>
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<pre style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">find pathname -options [-print -exec -ok]</pre>
<span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">find命令有很多选项或表达式，每一个选项前面跟随一个横杠-。让我们先来看一下该命令的主要选项，然后再给出一些例子。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-name 按照文件名查找文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-perm 按照文件权限来查找文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-prune 使用这一选项可以使f i n d命令不在当前指定的目录中查找，如果同时使用了-depth选项，那么-prune选项将被find命令忽略。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-user 按照文件属主来查找文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-group 按照文件所属的组来查找文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-mtime -n or +n按照文件的更改时间来查找文件，-n表示文件更改时间距现在n天以内，+n表示文件更改时间距现在n天以前。find命令还有-atime和-ctime选项，但它们都和-mtime选项相似，所以我们在这里只介绍-mtime选项。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-nogroup 查找无有效所属组的文件，即该文件所属的组在/etc/groups中不存在。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-nouser 查找无有效属主的文件，即该文件的属主在/etc/password中不存在。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-newer file1 ! file2 查找更改时间比文件file1新但比文件file2旧的文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-type 查找某一类型的文件，诸如：</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">b - 块设备文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">d - 目录。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">c - 字符设备文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">p - 管道文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">l - 符号链接文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">f - 普通文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-size n[c] 查找文件长度为n块的文件，带有c时表示文件长度以字节计。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-depth 在查找文件时，首先查找当前目录中的文件，然后再在其子目录中查找。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-fstype 查找位于某一类型文件系统中的文件，这些文件系统类型通常可以在配置文件/etc/fstab中找到，该配置文件中包含了本系统中有关文件系统的信息。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-mount 在查找文件时不跨越文件系统mount点。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-follow 如果find命令遇到符号链接文件，就跟踪至链接所指向的文件。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">-cpio 对匹配的文件使用cpio命令，将这些文件备份到磁带设备中。</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"></p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><br></p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">exec命令：<br>
-exec 参数后面跟的是 command命令，注意点如下：<br>
command命令的终止，使用 ';' (分号）来判定，在后面必须有一个 ';'<br>
'{}'，使用{}来表示文件名，也就是find前面处理过程中过滤出来的文件，用于command命令进行处理<br>
特别强调，对于不同的系统，直接使用分号可能会有不同的意义， 使用转义符 '\'在分号前明确说明，对于前面我们遇到的问题，主要就是这个原因引起的！<br><br></p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">3.cron的语法：</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">cron文件语法:</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
分 小时 日 月 星期 命令</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-6 command (取值范围,0表示周日一般一行对应一个任务)</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
记住几个特殊符号的含义:</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
“*”代表取值范围内的数字,<br>
“/”代表”每”,<br>
“-”代表从某个数字到某个数字,<br>
“,”分开几个离散的数字</p>
<span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;">4.任务调度设置文件的写法</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> 可用crontab -e命令来编辑,编辑的是/var/spool/cron下对应用户的cron文件,也可以直接修改/etc/crontab文件</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> 具体格式如下：</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> Minute Hour Day Month Dayofweek command</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> 分钟 小时 天 月 天每星期 命令</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> 每个字段代表的含义如下：</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> Minute 每个小时的第几分钟执行该任务</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> Hour 每天的第几个小时执行该任务</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> Day 每月的第几天执行该任务</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> Month 每年的第几个月执行该任务</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> DayOfWeek 每周的第几天执行该任务</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> Command 指定要执行的程序</span><br style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial;font-size:14px;"> 在这些字段里，除了“Command”是每次都必须指定的字段以外，其它字段皆为可选</span>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
字段，可视需要决定。对于不指定的字段，要用“*”来填补其位置。<br>
举例如下：<br>
5 * * * * ls 指定每小时的第5分钟执行一次ls命令<br>
30 5 * * * ls 指定每天的 5:30 执行ls命令<br>
30 7 8 * * ls 指定每月8号的7：30分执行ls命令<br>
30 5 8 6 * ls 指定每年的6月8日5：30执行ls命令<br>
30 6 * * 0 ls 指定每星期日的6:30执行ls命令[注：0表示星期天，1表示星期1，</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
以此类推，也可以用英文来表示，sun表示星期天，mon表示星期一等。]</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
30 3 10,20 * * ls 每月10号及20号的3：30执行ls命令[注：“，”用来连接多个不连续的时段]</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
25 8-11 * * * ls 每天8-11点的第25分钟执行ls命令[注：“-”用来连接连续的时段]</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
*/15 * * * * ls 每15分钟执行一次ls命令 [即每个小时的第0 15 30 45 60分钟执行ls命令 ]</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
30<em> 6 */1</em>0 * * ls 每个月中，每隔10天6:30执行一次ls命令[即每月的1、11、21、31日是的6：30执行一次ls 命令。 ]</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
每天7：50以root 身份执行/etc/cron.daily目录中的所有可执行文件</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
50 7 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily [ 注：run-parts参数表示，执行后面目录中的所有可执行文件。 ]</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
5. 新增调度任务</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
新增调度任务可用两种方法：<br>
1)、在命令行输入: crontab -e 然后添加相应的任务，wq存盘退出。<br>
2)、直接编辑/etc/crontab 文件，即vi /etc/crontab，添加相应的任务。</p>
<p style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19px;">
3) <code class="sql plain">在/var/spool/cron目录</code>下对应的用户文件中添加相关的shell调度命令：</p>
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<img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20150319173754513?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvdTAxMzk5NTE3Mg==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast" alt="" style="border:none;"><br></p>
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6. 查看调度任务<br>
crontab -l //列出当前的所有调度任务<br>
crontab -l -u jp //列出用户jp的所有调度任务</p>
<div><br></div>
<br><p>*/1 * * * * /usr/bin/curl http://172.16.0.106/index.php/Home/Index/crons 每分钟访问这个URL一次</p>
</div>
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