Python扩展内置类型的方法

简介

除了实现新的类型的对象方式外，有时我们也可以通过扩展Python内置类型，从而支持其它类型的数据结构，比如为列表增加队列的插入和删除的方法。本文针对此问题，结合实现集合功能的实例，介绍了扩展Python内置类型的两种方法：通过嵌入内置类型来扩展类型和通过子类方式扩展类型。

通过嵌入内置类型扩展

下面例子通过将list对象作为嵌入类型，实现集合对象，并增加了一下运算符重载。这个类知识包装了Python的列表，以及附加的集合运算。

class Set:
    def __init__(self, value=[]):  # Constructor
        self.data = []  # Manages a list
        self.concat(value)

    def intersect(self, other):  # other is any sequence
        res = []  # self is the subject
        for x in self.data:
            if x in other:  # Pick common items
                res.append(x)
        
        return Set(res)  # Return a new Set

    def union(self, other):  # other is any sequence
        res = self.data[:]  # Copy of my list
        for x in other:  # Add items in other
            if not x in res:
                res.append(x)

        return Set(res)

    def concat(self, value):  # value: list, Set...
        for x in value:  # Removes duplicates
            if not x in self.data:
                self.data.append(x)

    def __len__(self):          return len(self.data)  # len(self)
    def __getitem__(self, key): return self.data[key]  # self[i]
    def __and__(self, other):   return self.intersect(other)  # self & other
    def __or__(self, other):    return self.union(other)  # self | other
    def __repr__(self):         return 'Set:' + repr(self.data)  # print()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = Set([1, 3, 5, 7])
    print(x.union(Set([1, 4, 7])))  # prints Set:[1, 3, 5, 7, 4] 
    print(x | Set([1, 4, 6]))  # prints Set:[1, 3, 5, 7, 4, 6]

通过子类方式扩展类型

从Python2.2开始，所有内置类型都能直接创建子类，如list，str，dict以及tuple。这样可以让你通过用户定义的class语句，定制或扩展内置类型：建立类型名称的子类并对其进行定制。类型的子类型实例，可用在原始的内置类型能够出现的任何地方。

class Set(list):
    def __init__(self, value = []):      # Constructor
        list.__init__([])                # Customizes list
        self.concat(value)               # Copies mutable defaults

    def intersect(self, other):          # other is any sequence
        res = []                         # self is the subject
        for x in self:
            if x in other:               # Pick common items
                res.append(x)
        return Set(res)                  # Return a new Set

    def union(self, other):              # other is any sequence
        res = Set(self)                  # Copy me and my list
        res.concat(other)
        return res

    def concat(self, value):             # value: list, Set . . .
        for x in value:                  # Removes duplicates
            if not x in self:
                self.append(x)

    def __and__(self, other): return self.intersect(other)
    def __or__(self, other):  return self.union(other)
    def __repr__(self):       return 'Set:' + list.__repr__(self)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = Set([1,3,5,7])
    y = Set([2,1,4,5,6])
    print(x, y, len(x))
    print(x.intersect(y), y.union(x))
    print(x & y, x | y)
    x.reverse(); print(x)