逻辑英语创始人:钟平
从语言学角度来讲,英语属于形合语言,逻辑关系词的主要在于让句子成分之间、句子与句子之间、以及段落与段落之间实现自然衔接。
许多规律性阅读考试(例如TOEFL,ACT)中转折词往往是考核的重点。阅读题目着重考查考生对语言文字的综合分析能力。题干中的文字材料不会很长,主要是对句子以及比较复杂的概念和观点的准确理解;对语句隐含信息的合理推断;在干扰因素较多的情况下,能比较准确地辨明主旨,筛选信息。
若用一词概括,即为起承转合。
“起”是起因,文章的开头;“承”是是事件的过程;“转”是结果是转折;“合”是对该事件的议论,是结尾。
所谓“作诗有四法:起要平直,承要舂容,转要变化,合要渊水。”
而逻辑连词正是文章的纽结。理顺连词打通扭结,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了。
1
表递进
moreover | 而且 |
in addition | 此外 |
what is more | ,更 |
furthermore | 此外 |
also | 还 |
then | 然后 |
besides | 除了 |
,what’s worse | 更糟的是 |
and | 以及 |
too | 以及 |
as well as | 也 |
additionally | 另外 |
again | 又 |
likewise | 同样 |
not only...but also... | 不但……而且 |
2
表转折
however | 但 |
nevertheless | 虽然 |
on the other hand | 另一方面 |
on the contrary | 反之 |
rather than | 而不是 |
instead of | 而不是 |
but | 但是 |
yet | 但是 |
unfortunately | 不幸的是 |
whereas | 而 |
although | 虽然 |
though | 虽然 |
otherwise | 否则 |
by contrast | 反之,通过对比 |
at the same time | 与此同时 |
despite | 尽管 |
even so | 即便如此 |
in contrast | 相比较 |
even though | 即使所有 |
for all that | 所有 |
not with standing | 尽管如此 |
in spite of | 尽管 |
last but not least | 最后但并非最不重要 |
instead | 代替 |
thus | 从而 |
what is more | 更而且 |
not only...but also | 不但而且 |
still | 仍然 |
in contrast to | 相比较 |
regardless | 无论不管 |
while | 而 |
different from | 不同的是 |
for all that | 所有 |
or | 要不否则或者 |
notwithstanding | 虽然 |
even though | 即使, |
despite | 尽管 |
after all | 毕竟 |
except (for) | 除了 |
of course | 固然尽管当然 |
some...others | 一些、另外的 |
on the other hand | 另一方面 |
once | 以前 |
now | 现在, |
the first...whereas the second | 第一、而第二 |
then...now | 然后、现在 |
the former...the latter | 前者、后者 |
finally | 最后最终 |
here...there | 这里、那里 |
so | 因此 |
3
表层次
on the one hand | 一方面 |
on the other hand | 另一方面 |
first | 首先 |
second | 其次 |
finally | 最后 |
firstly | 首先 |
secondly | 其次 |
then | 然后 |
to begin with | 首先 |
further | 进一步 |
and…equally important | 和同样重要 |
in addition | 此外 |
in the first place | 首先 |
still | 仍然 |
furthermore | 此外 |
what is more | 更而且 |
last but not least | 最后但并非最不重要 |
secondly | 其次 |
and then | 进而 |
next | 接着 |
to start with | 开始 |
besides | 除了 |
moreover | 而且 |
finally | 最后 |
4
表强调
in fact | 其实 |
indeed | 的确 |
actually | 其实 |
as a matter of fact | 事实上 |
obviously | 很明显 |
apparently | 显然 |
emphasis | 强调 |
chiefly | 主要是 |
primarily | 主要 |
in particular | 尤其是 |
surely | 一定 |
in any case | 不管怎么样 |
especially | 特别是 |
clearly | 显然 |
without any doubt | 毫无疑问 |
to repeat | 重复 |
no doubt | 毫无疑问 |
needless to say | 不用说 |
undoubtedly | 无疑 |
absolutely | 绝对 |
still | 仍 |
oddly enough | 奇怪的是 |
of course | 当然 |
after all | 毕竟 |
significantly | 显著 |
interestingly | 有趣的是 |
also | 也 |
above all | 首先 |
certainly | 当然 |
anyway | 无论如何 |
obviously | 明显 |
necessarily | 要紧一定 |
truly | 真正 |
most important | 最重要的是 |
particularly | 尤其 |
most important of all | 最重要的是 |
5
表结果和原因
evidently | 明显地, |
first of all | 首先 |
undoubtedly | 无疑 |
without any shadow of doubt | 毫无疑问 |
thus | 从而 |
hence | 故从此 |
so | 因此 |
therefore | 因此 |
accordingly | 因此所以从而 |
consequently | 所以 |
since = now that | 自从 |
as | 因为 |
for the reason | 为理由 |
so that | 以便 |
as consequence | 所以 |
as a result | 于是 |
on this / that account | 结果 |
such that | 这样 |
in this way | 如此 |
because | 因为 |
since | 自从 |
otherwise | 否则 |
Cause and effect) for | 由于 |
because of = thanks to= due to = owing to | 由于 |
for this reason | 为此 |
on account of | 考虑到 |
as a consequence | 结果 |
foras a consequence | 后果 |
6
表结尾
therefore | 因此 |
then | 然后因此那么 |
accordingly | 从而 |
because (of) | 由于 |
for | 因为 |
thanks to | 由于 |
hence | 因此 |
as a result of | 结果 |
consequently | 所以 |
thus | 因而 |
since | 自从 |
owing to | 由于 |
for the reason that | 因为 |
7
表举例
in a word | 其中 |
therefore | 因此 |
sum up | 总之 |
such as | 例如 |
to begin with | 首先 |
besides | 此外 |
for one thing | 至于 |
in conclusion | 其中 |
in short | 在小的方面/时间 |
as a case in point | 作为一个很好的例子 |
first of all | 首先 |
furthermore | 此外 |
in addition | 此外 |
for another | 另外 |
8
表比较
similarly | 同样 |
likewise | 同样 |
like | 像……一样 |
equally | 一样 |
compared | …相比 |
in a like manner | 以类似的方式 |
just as | 正如 |
however | 可是 |
in the same way | 以同样的方式 |
in the same manner | 以同样的方式 |
in comparison | 相比较 |
in contrast | 相比较 |
in comparison | 相比较 |
just like | 就像 |
similar to | 类似 |
the same as | 同…一样 |
9
表对比
by contrast | 通过对比 |
on the contrary | 反之 |
while | 而 |
whereas | 而 |
unlike | 不像 |
instead | 代替 |
but | 但 |
conversely | 反过来 |
different from | 不同的是 |
however | 但 |
in sharp | 鲜明对比的是 |
in contrast | 相比较;相对于 |
even though | 即使,即便如此 |
on the other hand | 另外 |
on the one hand | 一方面 |
otherwise | 否则 |
as opposed to | 相对于 |
while | 而 |
yet | 但 |
by comparison | 通过比较 |
similarly | 同样 |
nevertheless | 虽然 |
still | 仍然 |
in spite of | 尽管, |
10
表举例
for example | 例如 |
for instance | 例如 |
in other words | 换句话说 |
in this case | 在这种情况下 |
as an example | 作为一个例子 |
take… for example | 例如 |
say namely | ,比如 |
after all | 为一个例子来说明 |
except (for) | 除了(至于) |
like… | 就比如…,正如…, |
to illustrate as an illustration | 作为一个例子来说明 |
by way of illustration | 以说明的方式 |
to illustrate | 说明 |
to name a few | 仅举几例 |
11
表时间
later | 后来 |
lately | 终于 |
next | 接着 |
then | 然后 |
soon | 不久 |
immediately | 立刻;随即 |
meanwhile | 与此同时 |
finally | ,最后 |
at last | 最后 |
eventually | 终于 |
since | 自从 |
lately | 最近 |
afterward | 之后 |
temporarily | 暂时 |
earlier | 最初 |
now | 现在 |
first | 首先 |
again | 又 |
also | 也 |
before | 以前 |
besides | 除了 |
formerly | 以前 |
further | 进一步 |
furthermore | 此外 |
last | 最后 |
simultaneously | 同时 |
shortly | 不久 |
still | 仍然 |
subsequently | 随后 |
thereafter | 此后 |
until | 直到 |
recently | 最近 |
after | 以后 |
gradually | 慢慢的逐渐 |
till | 直到 |
when | 当 |
nowadays | 目前 |
now presently | 目前 |
during | 在……期间 |
now and then | 偶尔 |
recently | 最近 |
in the meanwhile | 同时 |
in the meantime | 在此期间 |
in the end | 到底 |
in addition | 此外 |
in the first place | 首先 |
in the past | 在过去 |
in a few days | 几天之内 |
after a while | 稍后 |
after a few days | 几天以后 |
at that time | 当时 |
as long as | 只要 |
as soon as | 一……就 |
at present | 目前 |
at the same time | 如今 |
at length | 最后 |
at first | 起初 |
from now on | 今后 |
from then on | 从那时起 |
so far | 到目前为止 |
for the time being | 立即 |
when now | 当下 |
and then | 进而 |
to begin with/ to start with | 首先 |
at that moment | 在那一刻 |
suddenly = all of a sudden | 最初 |
until now | 直到现在 |
after that | 之后 |
not…until | 不…直到 |
while | ,一会儿 |
12
表顺序
first | 首先 |
second | 其次 |
then | 其次,然后 |
finally | 最后 |
last | 最终,最后 |
next | 接着 |
after | 以后 |
afterwards | 之后 |
earlier | 最初 |
later | 后来 |
behind | 后面 |
beside | 旁边 |
beyond | 外面 |
above | 以上 |
below | 下面 |
to begin with | 首先 |
first of all | 首先 |
in the first place | 首先 |
above all | 首先 |
in the end | 到底 |
at last | 最后 |
first and most important | 第一个和最重要的 |
last but not the least | 最后但并非最不重要 |
near(to) | 靠近 |
far(from) | 远离 |
in front of | 前面 |
in the middle | 中间 |
to the right (left) | 到左右 |
on the other side of | 另一面 |
opposite | 反面 |
13
表可能
presumably | 想必 |
probably | 大概 |
perhaps | 也许 |
Inference) therefore | 因此 |
so | 所以 |
as a result(of) | 作为结果 |
accordingly | 因而 |
otherwise | 否则 |
maybe | 可能 |
14
表解释
in other words | 换句话说 |
in fact | 其实 |
in simpler terms | 简单地说 |
in this case | 在这种情况下 |
in addition | 此外 |
in simpler terms | 简单地说 |
in fact/ as a matter of fact / actually | 其实, |
another way | 另一种方式 |
o tell you the truth | 实话告诉你 |
as a matter offact | 事实上 |
that is | 就是说 |
for example | 例如 |
for instance | 例如 |
frankly speaking | 坦白的说 |
now | 既然 |
namely | 即,意即 |
actually | 实际上 |
to put it differently | 换句话说 |
that is to say | 也就是说 |
15
表让步
admittedly | 诚然 |
whatever | 无论 |
hence | 因此 |
nevertheless | 然而 |
as | 虽然 |
though | 虽然, |
although | 尽管 |
despite | 尽管 |
in spite of... | 尽管 |
even though | 尽管 |
even if | ,即使 |
even so | 即便如此 |
granted | 就算如此 |
naturally | 自然 |
however | 无论如何 |
still | 仍然 |
provided | 假如 |
or | 或者 |
whenever | 无论何时 |
whoever | 无论谁 |
wherever | 无论哪里 |
whether | 不论、或者 |
whichever | 无论哪一个 |
after all | 毕竟 |
while it is true | 虽然这是事实 |
no matter how (who, what, which, where) | 无论多么(谁,什么,哪里) |
all the same | 仍然 |
of course | 当然 |
16
表总结
accordingly | 因此 |
therefore | 因此 |
thus | 因此 |
altogether to conclude | 完全可以说 |
general | 一般 |
specially | 特别 |
finally | 终于 |
namely | 也就是 |
indeed | 事实上 |
in other words | 换句话说 |
thus | 因此 |
altogether | 完全 |
all in all | 总之 |
in consequence | 结果 |
in sum | 总之 |
consequently | 因此 |
hence | 因此 |
so | 因此 |
the point is | 关键是 |
obviously | 显然 |
of course | 当然 |
differently | 不同的是 |
as a result | 结果 |
as for me | 依我之见 |
to some extent | 在某种程度上 |
on the whole | 大体上 |
in conclusion | 总之 |
in a word | 一句话 |
in brief | 简言之 |
in summary | 总之 |
in general | 一般来说 |
in short | ,简而言之 |
in other word | 也就是 |
in my opinion | 在我看来 |
in a word | 总的来说 |
in all | 总的来说 |
in fact | 事实上 |
in simpler terms | 用更简单的术语来说 |
in my view | 在我看来 |
in particular | 特别是 |
it is true | 事实上 |
at last | 最后 |
as I have shown | 正如我所表明的 |
as has been stated generally speaking | 正如所说 |
as has been said | 就像我已经说的 |
as far as I am concerned | 就我刚才提到的来说 |
as what has been mentioned | 作为被提到的 |
to sum up | 总之 |
to summarize | 简而言之 |
to conclude | 结论 |
to put it differently | 换句话说 |
17
其他类型连接词
mostly | 通常 |
occasionally | 偶尔 |
currently | 一般 |
naturally | 自然 |
mainly | 主要 |
exactly | 完全 |
in this case | 在这种情况下 |
frankly | 坦率地说 |
commonly | 通常 |
for this purpose | 为此 |
to a large extent | 在很大程度上 |
or most of us | 对于我们大多数人 |
evidently | 显然 |
in many cases | 在许多情况下 |
18
表示时间与频率的词汇
every | 每一, |
some | 一些 |
after | 以后 |
usually | 通常 |
most | 几乎 |
frequently | 经常 |
mainly | 主要 |
finally | 最后 |
rarely | 难得,很少,几乎不 |
before | 之前 |
on the whole | 大体上 |
at other times | 平时 |
in most cases | 在大多数情况下 |
in general | 一般来说 |
as a rule | 一般说来 |
meanwhile | 与此同时 |
always | 总是 |
often | 经常 |
19
表示附加的词
additionally | 此外 |
as well as | 以及 |
just as | 正如 |
again | 再次 |
along with | 连同 |
also | 并且 |
besides | 除此之外 |
further | 进一步 |
furthermore | 此外 |
in the same manner | 同样地 |
in the same way | 同样地 |
in addition to | 除…之外 |
20
表示增加的过渡词
also | 也 | So that | 以至于 |
and | 以及 | and then | 于是 |
addition | 除了 | another | 另一个 |
again | 再次 | on top of | 另外 |
moreover | 此外 | first | 首先 |
furthermore | 此外 | second | 其次 |
too | 也 | third | 再次 |
21
表示目的的过渡词
lest | 恐怕 | for this reason | 因此 |
Addition | 增补 | ||
furthermore | 此外 | for this purpose | 为了这个目的 |
again | 再次 | so as to | 以便 |
also | 也 | so that | 所以 |
besides | ,除了 | in order that | 为了 |
similarly | 同样 | in addition | 此外 |
moreover | 此外 | what’s more | 不仅如此,更糟的是 |
next | 接着, | finally | 最后 |
22
表示并列关系
or, and, also, too | 也 |
not only … but also… | 不但而且, |
as well as | 以及, |
so…that | 太…以至于 |
both… and… | 既……又 |
either …or… | 或者…或者 |
neither…nor… | 不是就是 |
23
表示并列补充关系
what is more | 更糟的是 | also | 还 |
besides | 除了 | as well | 还不如, |
moreover | 此外 | furthermore | 此外 |
in addition | 此外 |
24
表示条件关系
as (so) long as | 只要 |
if | 假如 |
unless | 除非 |
eventually | 终于 |
presently | 目前 |
somewhat | 有些 |
as if | 仿佛 |
the way by | 通过方式 |
on condition that | 如果 |
on the condition | 只要 |
or else | 要不然 |
in the meantime | 与此同时 |
from then on | 从那时起, |
after an interval | 在时间间隔后 |
all of a sudden | 一下子 |
On the contrary | 相反 |