python绘图matplotlib绘图库入门_companion pyplot module-CSDN博客

简介：matplotlib 是Python最著名的绘图库，它提供了一整套和matlab相似的命令API，十分适合交互式地行制图。而且也可以方便地将它作为绘

图控件，嵌入GUI应用程序中。

在Python中使用matplotlib.pyplot快速绘图

下面是matplotlib库所给的介绍

"""
This is an object-oriented plotting library.
 这是面向对象的绘图库
A procedural interface is provided by the companion pyplot module,（程序接口直接import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 就可以了，或者使用ipython）
which may be imported directly, e.g.::

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

or using ipython::

    ipython

at your terminal, followed by::

    In [1]: %matplotlib
    In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

at the ipython shell prompt.

For the most part, direct use of the object-oriented library is
encouraged when programming; pyplot is primarily for working
interactively.  The
exceptions are the pyplot commands :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure`,
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplot`,
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplots`, and
:func:`~pyplot.savefig`, which can greatly simplify scripting.

Modules include: (matplotlib模块里面有axes,figure,artist,lines,........)

    :mod:`matplotlib.axes`
        defines the :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes` class.  Most pylab
        commands are wrappers for :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes`
        methods.  The axes module is the highest level of OO access to
        the library.

    :mod:`matplotlib.figure`
        defines the :class:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure` class.

    :mod:`matplotlib.artist`
        defines the :class:`~matplotlib.artist.Artist` base class for
        all classes that draw things.

    :mod:`matplotlib.lines`
        defines the :class:`~matplotlib.lines.Line2D` class for
        drawing lines and markers

    :mod:`matplotlib.patches`
        defines classes for drawing polygons

    :mod:`matplotlib.text`
        defines the :class:`~matplotlib.text.Text`,
        :class:`~matplotlib.text.TextWithDash`, and
        :class:`~matplotlib.text.Annotate` classes

    :mod:`matplotlib.image`
        defines the :class:`~matplotlib.image.AxesImage` and
        :class:`~matplotlib.image.FigureImage` classes

    :mod:`matplotlib.collections`
        classes for efficient drawing of groups of lines or polygons

    :mod:`matplotlib.colors`
        classes for interpreting color specifications and for making
        colormaps

    :mod:`matplotlib.cm`
        colormaps and the :class:`~matplotlib.image.ScalarMappable`
        mixin class for providing color mapping functionality to other
        classes

    :mod:`matplotlib.ticker`
        classes for calculating tick mark locations and for formatting
        tick labels

    :mod:`matplotlib.backends`
        a subpackage with modules for various gui libraries and output
        formats

The base matplotlib namespace includes:

    :data:`~matplotlib.rcParams`
        a global dictionary of default configuration settings.  It is
        initialized by code which may be overridded by a matplotlibrc
        file.

    :func:`~matplotlib.rc`
        a function for setting groups of rcParams values

    :func:`~matplotlib.use`
        a function for setting the matplotlib backend.  If used, this
        function must be called immediately after importing matplotlib
        for the first time.  In particular, it must be called
        **before** importing pylab (if pylab is imported).

matplotlib was initially written by John D. Hunter (1968-2012) and is now
developed and maintained by a host of others.

Occasionally the internal documentation (python docstrings) will refer
to MATLAB&reg;, a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

"""

阅读后，我们明白matplotlib实际上是一套面向对象的绘图库，它所绘制的图表中的每个绘图元素，例如线条Line2D、文字Text、刻度等在内存中都有一个对象与之对应。

我们只需要调用pyplot模块所提供的函数就可以实现快速绘图以及设置图表的各种细节。

def sca(ax):
    """
    Set the current Axes instance to *ax*.

    The current Figure is updated to the parent of *ax*.
    """
    managers = _pylab_helpers.Gcf.get_all_fig_managers()
    for m in managers:
        if ax in m.canvas.figure.axes:
            _pylab_helpers.Gcf.set_active(m)
            m.canvas.figure.sca(ax)
            return
    raise ValueError("Axes instance argument was not found in a figure.")

def gcf():
    "Get a reference to the current figure."

    figManager = _pylab_helpers.Gcf.get_active()
    if figManager is not None:
        return figManager.canvas.figure
    else:
        return figure()

为了将面向对象的绘图库包装成只使用函数的调用接口，pyplot模块的内部保存了当前图表以及当前子图等信息。当前的图表和子图可以使用plt.gcf()和plt.gca()获得，分别表示"Get Current Figure"和"Get Current Axes"。在pyplot模块中，许多函数都是对当前的Figure或Axes对象进行处理，比如说：

plt.plot()实际上会通过plt.gca()获得当前的Axes对象ax，然后再调用ax.plot()方法实现真正的绘图。

绘制多子图（快速绘图）

Matplotlib 里的常用类的包含关系为 Figure -> Axes -> (Line2D, Text, etc.)一个Figure对象可以包含多个子图(Axes)，在matplotlib中用Axes对象表示一个绘图区域，可以理解为子图。
可以使用subplot()快速绘制包含多个子图的图表，它的调用形式如下：
subplot(numRows, numCols, plotNum)
subplot将整个绘图区域等分为numRows行* numCols列个子区域，然后plotNum(1<=plotNum<=4且plotNum必须为正整数)按照从左到右，从上到下的顺序对每个子区域进行编号，左上的子区域的编号为1。如果numRows，numCols和plotNum这三个数都小于10的话，可以把它们缩写为一个整数，例如subplot(323)和subplot(3,2,3)是相同的，其中最后一位的3表示在第三象限画图的。subplot在plotNum指定的区域中创建一个轴对象。如果新创建的轴和之前创建的轴重叠的话，之前的轴将被删除。

'''  为了方便快速绘图matplotlib通过pyplot模块提供了一套和MATLAB类似的绘图API，
将众多绘图对象所构成的复杂结构隐藏在这套API内部。
我们只需要调用pyplot模块所提供的函数就可以实现快速绘图以及设置图表的各种细节  '''
''' plt.plot()实际上会通过plt.gca()获得当前的Axes对象ax，然后再调用ax.plot()方法实现真正的绘图。 '''
def learn2():
    plt.figure(1)  # 创建图表1
    plt.figure(2)  # 创建图表2
    ax1 = plt.subplot(211)  # 在图表2中创建子图1
    ax2 = plt.subplot(212)  # 在图表2中创建子图2
    x = np.linspace(0, 3, 100)
    for i in xrange(5):
        plt.figure(1)  # 选择图表1
        # plt.plot(x, np.exp(i * x / 3), 'o')
        plt.sca(ax1) # 将子图1放进for厘面的plt中
        plt.plot(x, np.sin(i * x))
        plt.sca(ax2)
        plt.plot(x, np.cos(i * x))
    plt.show()

参考来自： http://blog.csdn.net/ywjun0919/article/details/8692018