Java不同类型密钥库之PKCS12和JCEKS

密钥库是一个存放加密密钥和证书的存储设施，它们经常用于SSL通信来标明服务器和客户机的身份，本文所列的为Java密钥库中的PKCS12和JCEKS类型。介绍了其存储和加载密钥、证书所使用的代码片段。

编者注：密钥库是一个存放加密密钥和证书的存储设施，它们经常用于SSL通信来标明服务器和客户机的身份，一个密钥库可以是一份文件或硬件设备。Java中不同类型的密钥库包含：PrivateKey、SecretKey、JKS、PKCS12、JCEKS等。其中JKS的详细介绍可参考《Java不同密钥库类型之JKS》。本文所讲诉的为PKCS12和JCEKS的用法。

以下为译文：

JCEKS

JCEKS是Java平台的一个密钥库格式，将密钥存储在密钥库中以防止加密密钥的暴露。在JCEKS中存储和装载不同条目的过程类似于JKS，只需在调用KeyStore.getInstance()时更改相应的JCEKS密钥库类型。

存储密钥

密钥可以通过一下代码存储到JCEKS中：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS");
    keyStore.load(null, null);
     
    KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");
    keyGen.init(56);;
    Key key = keyGen.generateKey();
     
    keyStore.setKeyEntry("secret", key, "password".toCharArray(), null);
     
    keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.jceks"), "password".toCharArray());
} catch (Exception ex) {
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

加载密钥

代码如下：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS");
    keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.jceks"), "password".toCharArray());
     
    Key key = keyStore.getKey("secret", "password".toCharArray());
     
    System.out.println(key.toString());
} catch (Exception ex) {
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

输出代码：

javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec@fffe7b9b

PKCS12

PKCS12是公钥加密标准，它规定了可包含所有私钥、公钥和证书。其以二进制格式存储，也称为 PFX 文件，在windows中可以直接导入到密钥区。注意，PKCS12的密钥库保护密码同时也用于保护Key。

创建PKCS12密钥库

在把一个条目存入PKCS12之前必须先加载密钥库，这意味着我们必须首先创建一个密钥库。简单创建一个PKCS12密钥库的方式如下：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    keyStore.load(null, null);
     
    keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
} catch (Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

需要注意的是，在调用keyStore.load(null, null)时，两个null是作为输入密钥流和密码传递的。这是因为我们没有可用的密钥库。运行这段代码后，当前工作目录中应该会输出一个名为output.p12的文件。

存储密钥

代码如下：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    keyStore.load(null, null);
     
    KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES");
    keyGen.init(128);
    Key key = keyGen.generateKey();
    keyStore.setKeyEntry("secret", key, "password".toCharArray(), null);
     
    keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
} catch (Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

存储私钥

密钥库包含可用于网络上的SSL通信的私钥和证书：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
//  keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"),"password".toCharArray());
    keyStore.load(null, null);;
     
    CertAndKeyGen gen = new CertAndKeyGen("RSA","SHA1WithRSA");
    gen.generate(1024);
      
    Key key=gen.getPrivateKey();
    X509Certificate cert=gen.getSelfCertificate(new X500Name("CN=ROOT"), (long)365*24*3600);
      
    X509Certificate[] chain = new X509Certificate[1];
    chain[0]=cert;
      
    keyStore.setKeyEntry("private", key, "password".toCharArray(), chain);
      
    keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
}catch(Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

别忘了调用keyStore.store()来保存密钥，否则条目在程序退出时会丢失。

存储证书

存储证书可以调用KeyStore.setCertificateEntry()：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
//  keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"),"password".toCharArray());
    keyStore.load(null, null);;
     
    CertAndKeyGen gen = new CertAndKeyGen("RSA","SHA1WithRSA");
    gen.generate(1024);
      
    X509Certificate cert=gen.getSelfCertificate(new X500Name("CN=ROOT"), (long)365*24*3600);
      
    keyStore.setCertificateEntry("cert", cert);
      
    keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
}catch(Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

存储的证书可以通过调用提供别名的KeyStore.getCertificate() 来提取，例如：

Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate("cert");

加载私钥

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
     
    Key pvtKey = keyStore.getKey("private", "password".toCharArray());
    System.out.println(pvtKey.toString());
} catch (Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

代码输出：

sun.security.rsa.RSAPrivateCrtKeyImpl@ffff2466

加载证书链

如果一个证书链存在密钥库中，我们可以通过调用KeyStore.getCertificateChain()来加载：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
     
    Key pvtKey = keyStore.getKey("private", "password".toCharArray());
    System.out.println(pvtKey.toString());
     
    java.security.cert.Certificate[] chain =  keyStore.getCertificateChain("private");
    for(java.security.cert.Certificate cert:chain){
        System.out.println(cert.toString());
    }
} catch (Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

输出：

[
[
  Version: V3
  Subject: CN=ROOT
  Signature Algorithm: SHA1withRSA, OID = 1.2.840.113549.1.1.5
 
  Key:  Sun RSA public key, 1024 bits
  modulus: 107262652552256813768678166856978781385254195794582600239703451044252881438814396239031781495369251659734172714120481593881055888193254336293673302267462500060447786562885955334870856482264000504019061160524587434562257067298291769329550807938162702640388267016365640782567817416484577163775446236245223552189
  public exponent: 65537
  Validity: [From: Mon Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2015,
               To: Tue Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2016]
  Issuer: CN=ROOT
  SerialNumber: [    5e5ca8a4]
 
]
  Algorithm: [SHA1withRSA]
  Signature:
0000: 22 21 BF 73 A6 6D 12 9B   F7 49 6C 0E B3 50 6A 9D  "!.s.m...Il..Pj.
0010: FA 30 43 22 32 FF 54 95   80 2E B3 8B 6F 59 D4 B5  .0C"2.T.....oY..
0020: 6C A6 AE 89 B7 18 9A A8   35 7D 65 37 BF ED A3 F4  l.......5.e7....
0030: E7 DB 5D 5F 9B DA 4B FA   39 04 9B 4D DB C2 3E FA  ..]_..K.9..M..>.
0040: 3B C2 63 F8 1E BE 03 F3   BD 1C D4 8A 8E 3C 51 68  ;.c..........

注：如何在Java中创建证书链？可参考：点此进入

加载证书

加载证书可以通过调用KeyStore.getCertificate()来实现：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
     
    java.security.cert.Certificate cert =  keyStore.getCertificate("private");
    
    System.out.println(cert);
} catch (Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}

输出：

[
[
  Version: V3
  Subject: CN=ROOT
  Signature Algorithm: SHA1withRSA, OID = 1.2.840.113549.1.1.5
 
  Key:  Sun RSA public key, 1024 bits
  modulus: 107262652552256813768678166856978781385254195794582600239703451044252881438814396239031781495369251659734172714120481593881055888193254336293673302267462500060447786562885955334870856482264000504019061160524587434562257067298291769329550807938162702640388267016365640782567817416484577163775446236245223552189
  public exponent: 65537
  Validity: [From: Mon Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2015,
               To: Tue Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2016]
  Issuer: CN=ROOT
  SerialNumber: [    5e5ca8a4]
 
]
  Algorithm: [SHA1withRSA]
  Signature:
0000: 22 21 BF 73 A6 6D 12 9B   F7 49 6C 0E B3 50 6A 9D  "!.s.m...Il..Pj.
0010: FA 30 43 22 32 FF 54 95   80 2E B3 8B 6F 59 D4 B5  .0C"2.T.....oY..
0020: 6C A6 AE 89 B7 18 9A A8   35 7D 65 37 BF ED A3 F4  l.......5.e7....
0030: E7 DB 5D 5F 9B DA 4B FA   39 04 9B 4D DB C2 3E FA  ..]_..K.9..M..>.
0040: 3B C2 63 F8 1E BE 03 F3   BD 1C D4 8A 8E 3C 51 68  ;.c..........

导入导出密钥和证书

PKCS12密钥库可以用于导入导出密钥和证书，下面的代码演示了从PKCS12导出一个私钥并导入到JKS密钥库中：

try{
    KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray());
     
    Key pvtKey = keyStore.getKey("private", "password".toCharArray());
    java.security.cert.Certificate[] chain =  keyStore.getCertificateChain("private");
     
    KeyStore jksStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
    jksStore.load(null, null);;
    jksStore.setKeyEntry("jksPrivate", pvtKey, "newpassword".toCharArray(), chain);
    jksStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.jks"), "password".toCharArray());
} catch (Exception ex){
    ex.printStackTrace();
}