Scala模式匹配
1 前言
Scala中的模式匹配可以看成是更好的java switch语句。比如如下java代码:
public void testSwitch(){
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++){
switch(i){
case 10 :
System.out.println("10");
break;
case 50 :
System.out.println("50");
//由于没有break所以会调入下一个分支
case 80 :
System.out.println("80");
default :
break;
}
}
}
scala通过模式匹配解决了java switch中存在的这个问题,并且scala的模式匹配功能更加强大,请看如下代码:
def testMatch {
for(i <- 1 to 100){
i match{
case 10 => println(10)
case 50 => println(50)
case 80 => println(80)
case _ =>
}
}
}
上述scala代码展示了简单的模式匹配,它的实现方式是通过match关键字与case x=>的方式实现的,其中case _表示出了上述条件的其余匹配,类似于java中的default。
2 守卫条件
scala语言提供了更加灵活的模式匹配,你可以添加守卫条件,守卫可以是任何boolean的条件。
def testMatch {
for(i <- 1 to 100){
i match{
case 0 => println(0)
// 守卫条件
case _ if(i % 2 == 0) => println("i是偶数")
case _ if(i % 2 != 0) => println("i是奇数")
case _ =>
}
}
}
3 模式的类型
3.1 常量模式
object ConstantPattern{
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
//注意,下面定义的是一个函数
//函数的返回值利用的是模式匹配后的结果作为其返回值
//还需要注意的是函数定义在main方法中
//也即scala语言可以在一个函数中定义另外一个函数
def patternShow(x:Any)=x match {
case 5 => "five"
case true=>"true"
case "test"=>"String"
case null=>"null"
case Nil=>"empty list"
case _ =>"Other constant"
}
println(patternShow(5))
}
}
3.2 变量模式
object VariablePattern{
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
def patternShow(x:Any)=x match {
case 5 => "five"
//所有不是值为5的都会匹配变量y
//例如"xxx",则函数的返回结果就是"xxx"
case y => y
}
println(patternShow("xxx"))
}
}
3.3 构造器模式
//构造器模式必须将类定义为case class
case class Person(name:String,age:Int)
object ConstructorPattern {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val p=new Person("摇摆少年梦",27)
def constructorPattern(p:Person)=p match {
case Person(name,age) => "Person"
case _ => "Other"
}
}
}
3.4 序列(Sequence)模式
序列模式指的是像Array、List这样的序列集合进行模式匹配
object SequencePattern {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val p=List("spark","hive","SparkSQL")
def sequencePattern(p:List[String])=p match {
//只需要匹配第二个元素
case List(_,second,_*) => second
case _ => "Other"
}
println(sequencePattern(p))
}
}
3.5 元组模式
//匹配某个元组内容
object TuplePattern {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val t=("spark","hive","SparkSQL")
def tuplePattern(t:Any)=t match {
case (one,_,_) => one
case _ => "Other"
}
println(tuplePattern(t))
}
}
3.6 类型模式
//匹配传入参数的类型
object TypePattern {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
def tuplePattern(t:Any)=t match {
case t:String=> "String"
case t:Int => "Integer"
case t:Double=>"Double"
}
println(tuplePattern(5.0))
}
}
上述代码如果不用模式匹配的话,要实现相同的功能,可以通过下列代码实现:
def tuplePattern2(t:Any)={
if(t.isInstanceOf[String]) "String"
else if(t.isInstanceOf[Int]) "Int"
else if(t.isInstanceOf[Double]) "Double"
else if(t.isInstanceOf[Map[_,_]]) "MAP"
}
3.7 变量绑定模式
object VariableBindingPattern{
def main(args:Array[String]):Unit = {
var t = List(List(1,2,3),List(2,3,4))
def variableBindingPattern(t:Any) = t match{
//变量绑定,采用变量名(这里是e)
//与@符号,如果后面的模式匹配成功,则将
//整体匹配结果作为返回
case List(_,e@List(_,_,_)) => e
case _ => Nil
}
println(variableBindingPattern(t))
}
}
}
//编译执行后的输出结果为 List(2, 3, 4)
4 for控制结构中的模式匹配
object PatternInForLoop {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val m=Map("china"->"beijing","dwarf japan"->"tokyo","Aerican"->"DC Washington")
//利用for循环对Map进行模式匹配输出,
for((nation,capital)<-m)
println(nation+": " +capital)
}
}
正则表达式中的模式匹配
object RegexMatch {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val ipRegex="(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)\\.(\\d+)".r
for(ipRegex(one,two,three,four) <- ipRegex.findAllIn("192.168.1.1"))
{
println("IP子段1:"+one)
println("IP子段2:"+two)
println("IP子段3:"+three)
println("IP子段4:"+four)
}
}
}
5 Option类型模式匹配
Option类型有两个子类型,分别是Some和None(单例对象),下面给出的是Option类型在Scala语言中的类层次结构:
Option类其实是一个sealed class
//Option类的部分源码
sealed abstract class Option[+A] extends Product with Serializable {
self =>
/** Returns true if the option is $none, false otherwise.
*/
def isEmpty: Boolean
/** Returns true if the option is an instance of $some, false otherwise.
*/
def isDefined: Boolean = !isEmpty
下面给出的分别是Some和None的源码:
/** Class `Some[A]` represents existing values of type
* `A`.
*
* @author Martin Odersky
* @version 1.0, 16/07/2003
*/
final case class Some[+A](x: A) extends Option[A] {
def isEmpty = false
def get = x
}
/** This case object represents non-existent values.
*
* @author Martin Odersky
* @version 1.0, 16/07/2003
*/
case object None extends Option[Nothing] {
def isEmpty = true
def get = throw new NoSuchElementException("None.get")
}
下面的代码演示了其如何应用到模式匹配中:
object OptionDemo extends App{
val m = Map("hive"->2,"spark"->3,"scala"->1)
def mapPattern(t:String) = m.get(t) match{
case Some(x) =>println(x) ; x
case None => println("None") ; -1
}
println(mapPattern("hve"))
}
//输出结果为:
//None
//-1
前面我们看到:None是一个case object,它同Some一样都extends Option类,只不过Some是case class。那么case object是什么呢?
//下面的类主要用于模拟Option,Some,None三个类或对象之间的关系
sealed abstract class A
case class B(name:String,age:Int) extends A
case object CaseObject extends A{
}
上述代码编译后,生成的字节码文件如下:
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter15\bin\cn\scala\xtwy 的目录
2015/08/01 21:26 <DIR> .
2015/08/01 21:26 <DIR> ..
2015/08/01 21:26 515 A.class
2015/08/01 21:26 1,809 B$.class
2015/08/01 21:26 4,320 B.class
2015/08/01 21:26 1,722 CaseObject$.class
2015/08/01 21:26 1,490 CaseObject.class
单从编译后生成的类来看,它们之间似乎实现方式都一样,那到底是什么样的呢?
class A的反编译后的代码如下:
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter15\bin\cn\scala\xtwy>javap -private A.class
Compiled from "CaseObject.scala"
public abstract class cn.scala.xtwy.A {
public cn.scala.xtwy.A();
}
case class B对应的字节码文件反编译后如下:
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter15\bin\cn\scala\xtwy>javap -private B.class
Compiled from "CaseObject.scala"
public class cn.scala.xtwy.B extends cn.scala.xtwy.A implements scala.Product,sc
ala.Serializable {
private final java.lang.String name;
private final int age;
public static scala.Function1<scala.Tuple2<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object>
, cn.scala.xtwy.B> tupled();
public static scala.Function1<java.lang.String, scala.Function1<java.lang.Obje
ct, cn.scala.xtwy.B>> curried();
public java.lang.String name();
public int age();
public cn.scala.xtwy.B copy(java.lang.String, int);
public java.lang.String copy$default$1();
public int copy$default$2();
public java.lang.String productPrefix();
public int productArity();
public java.lang.Object productElement(int);
public scala.collection.Iterator<java.lang.Object> productIterator();
public boolean canEqual(java.lang.Object);
public int hashCode();
public java.lang.String toString();
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
public cn.scala.xtwy.B(java.lang.String, int);
}
//自动生成的伴生对像类
public final class cn.scala.xtwy.B$ extends scala.runtime.AbstractFunction2<java
.lang.String, java.lang.Object, cn.scala.xtwy.B> implements scala.Serializable {
public static final cn.scala.xtwy.B$ MODULE$;
public static {};
public final java.lang.String toString();
public cn.scala.xtwy.B apply(java.lang.String, int);
public scala.Option<scala.Tuple2<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object>> unapply(
cn.scala.xtwy.B);
private java.lang.Object readResolve();
public java.lang.Object apply(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object);
private cn.scala.xtwy.B$();
}
case object CaseObject对应的反编译后的内容:
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter15\bin\cn\scala\xtwy>javap -private CaseObject.cla
ss
Compiled from "CaseObject.scala"
public final class cn.scala.xtwy.CaseObject {
public static java.lang.String toString();
public static int hashCode();
public static boolean canEqual(java.lang.Object);
public static scala.collection.Iterator<java.lang.Object> productIterator();
public static java.lang.Object productElement(int);
public static int productArity();
public static java.lang.String productPrefix();
}
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter15\bin\cn\scala\xtwy>javap -private CaseObject$.cl
ass
Compiled from "CaseObject.scala"
public final class cn.scala.xtwy.CaseObject$ extends cn.scala.xtwy.A implements
scala.Product,scala.Serializable {
public static final cn.scala.xtwy.CaseObject$ MODULE$;
public static {};
public java.lang.String productPrefix();
public int productArity();
public java.lang.Object productElement(int);
public scala.collection.Iterator<java.lang.Object> productIterator();
public boolean canEqual(java.lang.Object);
public int hashCode();
public java.lang.String toString();
private java.lang.Object readResolve();
private cn.scala.xtwy.CaseObject$();
}
对比上述代码不难看出,case object与case class所不同的是,case object对应反编译后的CaseObject$.cl
ass中不存在apply、unapply方法,这是因为None不需要创建对象及进行内容提取,从这个角度讲,它被定义为case object是十分合理的。
6 样例类(Case Class)
Case Class是一种特殊的类,能够被优化以用于模式匹配,下面代码定义了一个样例类:
abstract class Person
// case class Student
case class Student(name:String,age:Int,studentNo:Int) extends Person
// case class Teacher
case class Teacher(name:String,age:Int,teacherNo:Int) extends Person
// case class Nobody
case class Nobody(name:String) extends Person
object CaseClassDemo{
def main(args:Array[String]):Unit = {
// case class会自动生成apply方法,从而省去new操作
val p : Student = Student("tom",18,2015)
// match case
p match{
case Student(name,age,studentNo) => printf("%s:%d:%d\r\n",name,age,studentNo);
case Teacher(name,age,teacherNo) => printf("%s:%d:%d\r\n",name,age,studentNo);
case Nobody(name) => printf("%s\r\n",name);
}
}
}
当一个类被声明为case class的时候,scala会帮助我们做下面几件事情:
1. 构造器中的参数如果不被声明为var的话,它默认就是val类型的,但是一般不推荐将构造器中的参数声明为var
2. 自动创建伴生对象,同时在里面给我们实现apply方法,使得我们在使用的时候可以不直接显示的new对象
3. 伴生对象中同样会帮我们实现unapply方法,从而可以将case class应用于模式匹配。
4. 实现 自己的toString,hashCode,copy,equals方法
除此之外,case cass与其它普通的scala泪没有区别
下面给出case class Student字节码文件内容,以验证我们上述所讲的内容
//下面的代码是自动生成的伴生对象中的字节码内容
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter13\bin\cn\scala\xtwy>javap -private Student$.class
Compiled from "CaseClass.scala"
public final class cn.scala.xtwy.Student$ extends scala.runtime.AbstractFunction
3<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object, cn.scala.xtwy.Student> i
mplements scala.Serializable {
public static final cn.scala.xtwy.Student$ MODULE$;
public static {};
public final java.lang.String toString();
public cn.scala.xtwy.Student apply(java.lang.String, int, int);
public scala.Option<scala.Tuple3<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, java.lang
.Object>> unapply(cn.scala.xtwy.Student);
private java.lang.Object readResolve();
public java.lang.Object apply(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object, java.lang.Ob
ject);
private cn.scala.xtwy.Student$();
}
//下面的代码是Student类自身的字节码内容
D:\ScalaWorkspace\ScalaChapter13\bin\cn\scala\xtwy>javap -private Student.class
Compiled from "CaseClass.scala"
public class cn.scala.xtwy.Student extends cn.scala.xtwy.Person implements scala
.Product,scala.Serializable {
private final java.lang.String name;
private final int age;
private final int studentNo;
public static scala.Function1<scala.Tuple3<java.lang.String, java.lang.Object,
java.lang.Object>, cn.scala.xtwy.Student> tupled();
public static scala.Function1<java.lang.String, scala.Function1<java.lang.Obje
ct, scala.Function1<java.lang.Object, cn.scala.xtwy.Student>>> curried();
public java.lang.String name();
public int age();
public int studentNo();
public cn.scala.xtwy.Student copy(java.lang.String, int, int);
public java.lang.String copy$default$1();
public int copy$default$2();
public int copy$default$3();
public java.lang.String productPrefix();
public int productArity();
public java.lang.Object productElement(int);
public scala.collection.Iterator<java.lang.Object> productIterator();
public boolean canEqual(java.lang.Object);
public int hashCode();
public java.lang.String toString();
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
public cn.scala.xtwy.Student(java.lang.String, int, int);
}
7 Case Class应用
7.1 Case Class常用方法
//toString方法演示
scala> val s=Teacher("john",38,1024)
s: Teacher = Teacher(john,38,1024)
//无参copy方法演示
scala> val s1=s.copy()
s1: Teacher = Teacher(john,38,1024)
//copy方法是深度拷贝
scala> println(s eq s1)
false
//equal方法根据对象内容进行比较
scala> println(s equals s1)
true
scala> println(s == s1)
true
//hashcode方法
scala> s1.hashCode
res45: Int = 567742485
//toString方法
scala> s1.toString
res46: String = Teacher(john,38,1024)
//带一个参数的copy方法
scala> s1.copy(name="stephen")
res47: Teacher = Teacher(stephen,38,1024)
//带二个参数的copy方法
scala> s1.copy(name="stephen",age=58)
res49: Teacher = Teacher(stephen,58,1024)
//带三个参数的copy方法
scala> s1.copy(name="stephen",age=58,teacherNo=2015)
res50: Teacher = Teacher(stephen,58,2015)
7.2 多个参数的Case Class
abstract class Person
// case class Student
case class Student(name:String,age:Int,studentNo:Int) extends Person
// case class Teacher
case class Teacher(name:String,age:Int,teacherNo:Int) extends Person
// case class Nobody
case class Nobody(name:String) extends Person
// SchoolClass为接受多个Person类型的参数的类
case class SchoolClass(classDescription:String, persons : Person*)
// 下列代码给出的是其模式匹配应用示例
object CaseClassDemo{
def main(args:Array[String]):Unit {
val sc = SchoolClass("scala培训班",Teacher("tom",24,324),Student("zhangsan",12,2118))
sc match{
case SchoolClass(_,_,Student(name,age,studentNo)) => println(name)
case _ => println("Nobody")
}
}
}
7.3 sealed case class
在进行模式匹配的时候,有些时候需要确保所有的可能情况都被列出,此时常常会将case class的超类定义成sealed(密封类)
// Person最前面加上sealed
sealed abstract class Person
// case class Student
case class Student(name:String,age:Int,studentNo:Int) extends Person
// case class Teacher
case class Teacher(name:String,age:Int,teacherNo:Int) extends Person
// case class Nobody
case class Nobody(name:String) extends Person
object CaseClassDemo{
def main(args:Array[String]):Unit = {
// case class会自动生成apply方法,从而省去new操作
val p : Student = Student("tom",18,2015)
// 这边仅仅给出了Student的情况,在编译时
// 编译器会提示
// match may not be exhaustive.It would fail on the following inputs:Nobody(_),Teacher(_,_,_)
p match{
case Student(name,age,studentNo) => printf("%s:%d:%d\r\n",name,age,studentNo);
}
}
}
7.4 Case Class在
参考博文
https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/60380?spm=5176.8251999.569296.14.2c75dfe7HfF6nm
https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/60379?spm=5176.8251999.569296.15.2c75dfe7HfF6nm