Android中Fragment的使用

Fragment代表一个UI界面或一个任务；有自己的生命周期，但依赖于Activity；让代码模块化，结构更清晰；方便重用，创建动态UI。

1、例一：

1) MainActivity.java

/**
 * <p>Fragment的意义：</p>
 * <ul><li>让代码模块化，更清晰；<li>代表一个界面或后台操作；<li>有生命周期但依赖于Activity；<li>可重用，创建动态UI，方便调整界面</ul>
 */
public class MainActivity extends FragmentActivity implements OnStringChangedListener{
	private static final String TAG = MainActivity.class.getSimpleName();
	TextView tv;
	/**
	 * container for fragments，执行Fragment的增、删、替换和查找
	 */
	FragmentManager mFragmentManager;
	@Override
	protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, "onCreate");
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
		tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txt);
		mFragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();
		FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = mFragmentManager.beginTransaction();
		fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.container_title, new TitleFragment(), "title");
		fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.container_detail, new DetailFragment(), "detail");
		fragmentTransaction.add(new BackFragment(), "back");
		fragmentTransaction.commit();
	}
	@Override
	protected void onStart() {
		Log.d(TAG, "onStart");
		super.onStart();
	}
	@Override
	protected void onResume() {
		Log.d(TAG, "onResume");
		super.onResume();
	}
	@Override
	protected void onPause() {
		Log.d(TAG, "onPause");
		super.onPause();
	}
	@Override
	protected void onStop() {
		Log.d(TAG, "onStop");
		super.onStop();
	}
	@Override
	protected void onDestroy() {
		Log.d(TAG, "onDestroy");
		super.onDestroy();
	}
	@Override
	protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
		Log.d(TAG, "onSaveInstanceState");
		super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
	}
	public void onClick(View v){
		switch(v.getId()){
		case R.id.btn:
			//通过setVisibility来改变UI
			if(tv.getVisibility()!=View.VISIBLE){
				tv.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
			}else{
				tv.setVisibility(View.GONE);
			}
			break;
		case R.id.btn_interact:
			FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = mFragmentManager.beginTransaction();
//			fragmentTransaction.remove(mFragmentManager.findFragmentByTag("detail"));
//			fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.container_detail, new OtherFragment(), "other");
			//相当于remove&add或add
			fragmentTransaction.replace(R.id.container_detail, new OtherFragment(), "other");
			//摁back键返回到前一个布局或回滚到前一个已执行的transaction
			fragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(null);
			//进入退出动画
//			fragmentTransaction.setTransition(FragmentTransaction.TRANSIT_FRAGMENT_FADE);
			fragmentTransaction.setCustomAnimations(R.anim.move_next_in, R.anim.move_next_out, 
				R.anim.move_previous_in, R.anim.move_previous_out);
			fragmentTransaction.commit();
		}
	}
	@Override
	public void onStringChanged(String newStr) {
		Log.d(TAG, "onStringChanged-"+newStr);
	}
}

2) activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:baselineAligned="false">
    <!-- <fragment android:name="com.qinuli.fragment.TitleFragment"
        android:tag="title"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:layout_weight="1"/>
    <View 
        android:layout_width="1dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:background="#FFFF0000"/>
    <fragment android:name="com.qinuli.fragment.DetailFragment"
        android:tag="detail"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_weight="3"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"/> -->
    <FrameLayout 
        android:id="@+id/container_title"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:layout_weight="1"></FrameLayout>
    <FrameLayout 
        android:id="@+id/container_detail"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:layout_weight="3"></FrameLayout>
</LinearLayout>

3) TitleFragment.java

public class TitleFragment extends Fragment {
	private static final String TAG = TitleFragment.class.getSimpleName();
	Button button;
	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
			@Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_title, container, false);
	}
	@Override
	public void onActivityCreated(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		//通过Activity可搜索到其他Fragment中的View
		button = (Button) getActivity().findViewById(R.id.btn_interact);
		super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
	}
	public void changeColor(){
		Log.d(TAG, "changeColor");
		button.setBackgroundColor(Color.parseColor("#FF00FFFF"));
	}
}

4) fragment_title.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <TextView 
        android:id="@+id/txt"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Weather Forecast"
        android:textSize="25sp"/>
    <Button 
        android:id="@+id/btn"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="changeState"
        android:onClick="onClick"/>
    <Button 
        android:id="@+id/btn_interact"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="interact"
        android:onClick="onClick"/>
</LinearLayout>

5) DetailFragment.java，演示生命周期

public class DetailFragment extends Fragment {
	private static final String TAG = DetailFragment.class.getSimpleName();
	private FragmentActivity mFragmentActivity;
	@Override
	public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onAttach(activity);
		mFragmentActivity = (FragmentActivity) activity;
	}
	@Override
	public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
	}
	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
			@Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_detail, container, false);
	}
	@Override
	public void onActivityCreated(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
	}
	@Override
	public void onStart() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onStart();
	}
	@Override
	public void onResume() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onResume();
	}
	@Override
	public void onPause() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onPause();
	}
	@Override
	public void onStop() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onStop();
	}
	@Override
	public void onDestroyView() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onDestroyView();
	}
	@Override
	public void onDestroy() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onDestroy();
	}
	@Override
	public void onDetach() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onDetach();
	}
}

6) fragment_detail.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:background="#FFFFFF00">
    <TextView 
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="clear and sunshiny"
        android:textSize="20sp"/>
</LinearLayout>

7) OtherFragment.java，演示两个Fragment替换

public class OtherFragment extends Fragment {
	private static final String TAG = OtherFragment.class.getSimpleName();
	
	public interface OnStringChangedListener{
		void onStringChanged(String newStr);
	}
	private String currentStr;
	private OnStringChangedListener mOnStringChangedListener;
	private void setStr(String newStr){
		currentStr = newStr;
		mOnStringChangedListener.onStringChanged(currentStr);
	}
	
	@Override
	public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onAttach(activity);
		mOnStringChangedListener = (OnStringChangedListener) activity;
	}
	@Override
	public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
	}
	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
			@Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_other, container, false);
	}
	@Override
	public void onActivityCreated(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
		getActivity().findViewById(R.id.btn_communication).setOnClickListener(mOnClickListener);
	}
	@Override
	public void onViewStateRestored(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onViewStateRestored(savedInstanceState);
	}
	@Override
	public void onStart() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onStart();
	}
	@Override
	public void onResume() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onResume();
	}
	@Override
	public void onPause() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onPause();
	}
	@Override
	public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
	}
	@Override
	public void onStop() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onStop();
	}
	@Override
	public void onDestroyView() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onDestroyView();
	}
	@Override
	public void onDestroy() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onDestroy();
	}
	@Override
	public void onDetach() {
		Log.d(TAG, Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2].getMethodName());
		super.onDetach();
	}
	private OnClickListener mOnClickListener = new OnClickListener() {
		private int count = 0;
		@Override
		public void onClick(View v) {
			switch(v.getId()){
			case R.id.btn_communication:
				setStr("点击"+(++count)+"次");
			}
		}
	};
}

8) fragment_other.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:background="#FFFF00FF"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <TextView 
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="outdoor activity"
        android:textSize="20sp"/>
    <Button 
        android:id="@+id/btn_communication"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
        android:text="Communication"/>
</LinearLayout>

9) BackFragment.java，演示用Fragment执行一个后台任务

/**
 * Caused by: java.lang.SecurityException: Neither user 10277 nor current process has android.permission.WAKE_LOCK.
 * <li>每次安装APK，会分配一个唯一的Linux用户ID
 * <li>安装时会有权限检查，未给APP请求权限，会报SecurityException
 */
public class BackFragment extends Fragment {
	private static final String TAG = BackFragment.class.getSimpleName();
	private MainActivity mActivity;
	private MyAsyncTask myAsyncTask;
	@Override
	public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
		super.onAttach(activity);
		mActivity = (MainActivity) activity;
	}
	@Override
	public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		myAsyncTask = new MyAsyncTask();
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
	}
	@Override
	public void onActivityCreated(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		myAsyncTask.execute("horse","wolf","fox");
		super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
	}
	
	//通过WakeLock让屏幕常亮或防止手机进入休眠，属于PowerManager范畴
	WakeLock mWakeLock;
	private class MyAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, Character> {
		@Override
		protected Character doInBackground(String... params) {
			PowerManager powerManager = (PowerManager) getActivity().getSystemService(Context.POWER_SERVICE);
			//创建WakeLock时指定类型
			mWakeLock = powerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, "MyWakeLock");
			mWakeLock.acquire();
			return 'T';
		}
		@Override
		protected void onPostExecute(Character result) {
			if(result.charValue()=='T'){
				Log.d(TAG, "onPostExecute-"+result);
			}
			//通过Activity跟UI交互
			mActivity.findViewById(R.id.btn).setBackgroundColor(Color.parseColor("#FFFF0000"));
			//解耦合；跟其他Fragment交互
			TitleFragment titleFragment = (TitleFragment) getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentByTag("title");
			titleFragment.changeColor();
			super.onPostExecute(result);
			mWakeLock.release();
		}
	}
}

10) AndroidManifest.xml

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.qinuli.fragment"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0" >

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK"/>
    
    <!-- targetSdkVersion和allowBackup用于API Level4及以上 -->
    
    <uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="4"
        android:targetSdkVersion="21" />

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
        <activity android:name="com.qinuli.fragment.MainActivity"
            android:screenOrientation="portrait">
            <intent-filter >
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>

</manifest>

2、例二。Android平板有一种界面效果，左边菜单，右边内容。点每一个菜单项，显示不同同内容。这个用Fragment实现很方便。

下图是我做出的一个效果。

左边列表用一个ListFragment展示，右边点Spring时弹出一个Fragment，点Summer弹出另一个Fragment。

总共用到8个文件，一个Activity极其布局文件，左边ListFragment极其布局文件，右边两个Fragment极其布局文件。

先看下源代码

MainActivity.java

public class MainActivity extends Activity implements OnArticleSelectedListener{
	@Override
	protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
	}
	@Override
	public void onArticleSelected(int position) {
		FragmentManager manager = getFragmentManager();
		FragmentTransaction transaction = manager.beginTransaction();
		switch (position) {
		case 0:
			Fragment1 fragment1 = new Fragment1();
			transaction.replace(R.id.layout, fragment1);
			break;
		case 1:
			Fragment2 fragment2 = new Fragment2();
			transaction.replace(R.id.layout, fragment2);
		}
		transaction.commit();
	}
}

activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    android:weightSum="3"
    android:baselineAligned="false"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <fragment 
        android:name="com.me.fragmenttest2.FragmentA"
        android:id="@+id/fragmenta"
        android:layout_weight="1"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
    <FrameLayout 
        android:id="@+id/layout"
        android:layout_weight="2"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="fill_parent"/>
</LinearLayout>

FragmentA.java

public class FragmentA extends ListFragment {
	OnArticleSelectedListener mListener;
	String[] seasons = {"Spring","Summer","Autumn","Winter"};
	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
			Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragmenta, container, false);
	}
	@Override
	public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(getActivity(), android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, seasons));
	}
	@Override
	public void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id) {
		super.onListItemClick(l, v, position, id);
		Toast.makeText(getActivity(), seasons[position]+"-"+id, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
		mListener.onArticleSelected(position);
	}
	@Override
	public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
		super.onAttach(activity);
		try {
			mListener = (OnArticleSelectedListener) activity;
		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
			throw new ClassCastException(activity.toString()+" must implements OnArticleSelectedListener");
		}
	}
	public interface OnArticleSelectedListener{
		public void onArticleSelected(int position);
	}
}

fragmenta.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <ListView 
        android:id="@android:id/list"
        android:layout_width="fill_parent"
        android:layout_height="fill_parent"
        android:drawSelectorOnTop="false"/>
</LinearLayout>

Fragment1.java

public class Fragment1 extends Fragment {
	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
			Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment1, container,false);
	}
}

fragment1.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout 
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <TextView 
        android:id="@+id/txt_show"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Congratulations"/>
</LinearLayout>

Fragment2.java

public class Fragment2 extends Fragment {
	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
			Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment2, container,false);
	}
}

fragment2.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout 
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <AnalogClock 
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
</LinearLayout>

activity_main.xml文件中的FrameLayout用于动态放置不同的Fragment。

这里面的难点在于左边ListFragment和Activity及右边Fragment通信，通过在ListFragment中创建内部接口OnArticleSelectedListener，并让Activity实现接口来实现。