yum使用详解

yum，全称“Yellow dog Update, Modified”，是一个在Fedora和RedHat以及CentOS中的Shell前端软件包管理器。可以用yum下载的软件包包括Fedora本身的软件包以及源自rpmfusion和rpm.的Fedora Extras，全部都是有Linux社区维护的，并且基本是自由软件。所有的包都有一个独立的PGP签名，主要是为了你的系统安全。

1. yum提供了查找、安装、删除某一个、一组甚至包括全部软件包的命令。
2. 基于RPM包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装和遗漏依赖包。
3. 可以同时配置多个资源库（Repository）。
4. 简洁的配置文件（/etc/yum.conf）。
5. 保持与RPM数据库的一致性。
6. 提供图形版yumex：yum install yumex。
7. 提供使用最快源安装：yum install yum-fastestmirror。

yum的命令形式一般是：yum [options] [command] [package…]，我们通过yum -h命令来看看官方对yum的使用帮助：

# yum -h
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Usage: yum [options] COMMAND

List of Commands:

check          Check for problems in the rpmdb
check-update   Check for available package updates
clean          Remove cached data
deplist        List a package's dependencies
distribution-synchronization Synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade      downgrade a package
erase          Remove a package or packages from your system
groupinfo      Display details about a package group
groupinstall   Install the packages in a group on your system
grouplist      List available package groups
groupremove    Remove the packages in a group from your system
help           Display a helpful usage message
history        Display, or use, the transaction history
info           Display details about a package or group of packages
install        Install a package or packages on your system
list           List a package or groups of packages
load-transaction load a saved transaction from filename
makecache      Generate the metadata cache
provides       Find what package provides the given value
reinstall      reinstall a package
repolist       Display the configured software repositories
resolvedep     Determine which package provides the given dependency
search         Search package details for the given string
shell          Run an interactive yum shell
update         Update a package or packages on your system
upgrade        Update packages taking obsoletes into account
version        Display a version for the machine and/or available repos.

Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -t, --tolerant        be tolerant of errors
  -C, --cacheonly       run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
  -c [config file], --config=[config file]
                        config file location
  -R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
                        maximum command wait time
  -d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
                        debugging output level
  --showduplicates      show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
  -e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
                        error output level
  --rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
                        debugging output level for rpm
  -q, --quiet           quiet operation
  -v, --verbose         verbose operation
  -y, --assumeyes       answer yes for all questions
  --assumeno            answer no for all questions
  --version             show Yum version and exit
  --installroot=[path]  set install root
  --enablerepo=[repo]   enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
  --disablerepo=[repo]  disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
  -x [package], --exclude=[package]
                        exclude package(s) by name or glob
  --disableexcludes=[repo]
                        disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
                        everything
  --obsoletes           enable obsoletes processing during updates
  --noplugins           disable Yum plugins
  --nogpgcheck          disable gpg signature checking
  --disableplugin=[plugin]
                        disable plugins by name
  --enableplugin=[plugin]
                        enable plugins by name
  --skip-broken         skip packages with depsolving problems
  --color=COLOR         control whether color is used
  --releasever=RELEASEVER
                        set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
  --downloadonly        don't update, just download
  --downloaddir=DLDIR   specifies an alternate directory to store packages
  --setopt=SETOPTS      set arbitrary config and repo options

概括几个常用的：
1 安装

yum install 全部安装
yum install package1 安装指定的安装包package1
yum groupinsall group1 安装程序组group1

2 更新和升级

yum update 全部更新
yum update package1 更新指定程序包package1
yum check-update 检查可更新的程序
yum upgrade package1 升级指定程序包package1
yum groupupdate group1 升级程序组group1

3 查找和显示

yum info package1 显示安装包信息package1
yum list 显示所有已经安装和可以安装的程序包
yum list package1 显示指定程序包安装情况package1
yum groupinfo group1 显示程序组group1信息yum search string 根据关键字string查找安装包

4 删除程序

yum remove | erase package1 删除程序包package1
yum groupremove group1 删除程序组group1
yum deplist package1 查看程序package1依赖情况

5 清除缓存

yum clean packages 清除缓存目录下的软件包
yum clean headers 清除缓存目录下的 headers
yum clean oldheaders 清除缓存目录下旧的 headers
yum clean, yum clean all (= yum clean packages; yum clean oldheaders) 清除缓存目录下的软件包及旧的headers

/etc/yum.conf是yum的配置文件，如下：

# cat yum.conf 
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=19&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release

#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m

# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d

cachedir：yum缓存的目录，yum在此存储下载的rpm包和数据库，一般是/var/cache/yum。
debuglevel：除错级别，0~10，默认是2。
logfile：yum的日志文件，默认是/var/log/yum.log。
exactarch：代表是否只升级和你安装软件包cpu体系一致的包，如果设为1，则如你安装了一个i386的rpm，则yum不会用686的包来升级。
gpgcheck：代表是否进行gpg校验：0和1，如果没有，默认1。