流和FILE对象
对于标准I/O库,其操作是针对流(stream)进行的。当用标准I/O库打开或创建一个文件时,既已使一个流与一个文件相关联。
流的定向(stream’s orientation)
流的定向决定了所读、写的字符是单字节还是多字节的。当一个流最初被创建时,它未被定向。如果在一个未定向的流上使用一个单字节I/O函数,则将流的定向被设置为字节定向的。如果在一个未定向的流上使用一个多字节I/O函数,则将流的定向被设置为宽定向(多字节)的。
只有两个函数能够改变流的定向。freopen函数清除一个流的定向;fwide函数设置流的定向。
#include <wchar.h>
int fwide(FILE *stream, int mode);
返回值:若流是宽定向的则返回正值,若流是字节定向的则返回负值,若流是未定向的则返回0.
fwide函数由通过mode参数决定流的定向:
- 若 mode > 0,将流设置为宽定向的;
- 若 mode < 0,将流设置为字节定向的;
- 若 mode = 0,不设置流的定向,但是返回标识该流定向的值。
例1. 使用fwide设置流的定向
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <wchar.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FILE *fp;
int wd = 0;
int wide = 0;
if (argc != 3){
printf("Usage: %s <path> <wide>\n", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
fp = fopen(argv[1], "r");
if (!fp){
printf("Open stream failed\n");
exit(-1);
}
wide = atoi(argv[2]);
wd = fwide(fp, wide);
if (wd > 0)
printf("%d : stream is wide-character oriented.\n", wd);
else if (wd < 0)
printf("%d : stream is byte oriented.\n", wd);
else
printf("%d : stream has no orientation yet.\n", wd);
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
将流设置为字节定向的:
$ ./a.out file -3
-1 : stream is byte oriented.
将流设置为宽定向的:
$ ./a.out file 3
1 : stream is wide-character oriented.
获取流的定向:
$ ./a.out file 0
0 : stream has no orientation yet.
当打开一个流时,标准I/O函数fopen返回一个指向FILE对象的指针。该对象是一个结构体,它包含了标准I/O库为管理流所需的所有信息,包括:用于实际I/O的文件描述符、指向该流缓冲区的指针、缓冲区的长度、当前在缓冲区的字符数以及出错标志等。
FILE结构体定义:
[ /usr/include/libio.h ]
struct _IO_FILE {
int _flags; /* High-order word is _IO_MAGIC; rest is flags. */
#define _IO_file_flags _flags
/* The following pointers correspond to the C++ streambuf protocol. */
/* Note: Tk uses the _IO_read_ptr and _IO_read_end fields directly. */
char* _IO_read_ptr; /* Current read pointer */
char* _IO_read_end; /* End of get area. */
char* _IO_read_base; /* Start of putback+get area. */
char* _IO_write_base; /* Start of put area. */
char* _IO_write_ptr; /* Current put pointer. */
char* _IO_write_end; /* End of put area. */
char* _IO_buf_base; /* Start of reserve area. */
char* _IO_buf_end; /* End of reserve area. */
/* The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. */
char *_IO_save_base; /* Pointer to start of non-current get area. */
char *_IO_backup_base; /* Pointer to first valid character of backup area */
char *_IO_save_end; /* Pointer to end of non-current get area. */
struct _IO_marker *_markers;
struct _IO_FILE *_chain;
int _fileno;
#if 0
int _blksize;
#else
int _flags2;
#endif
_IO_off_t _old_offset; /* This used to be _offset but it's too small. */
#define __HAVE_COLUMN /* temporary */
/* 1+column number of pbase(); 0 is unknown. */
unsigned short _cur_column;
signed char _vtable_offset;
char _shortbuf[1];
/* char* _save_gptr; char* _save_egptr; */
_IO_lock_t *_lock;
#ifdef _IO_USE_OLD_IO_FILE
};
[ /usr/include/stdio.h ]
__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
/* The opaque type of streams. This is the definition used elsewhere. */
typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
__END_NAMESPACE_STD
标准输入、标准输出和标准出错
对一个进程预定义了三个流,且这三个流能自动被进程使用,它们是标准输入、标准输出和标准出错。
这三个标准I/O流通过预定义文件指针stdin、stdout和stderr加以引用。这三个指针同样在stdio.h中定义。
/* Standard streams. */
extern struct _IO_FILE *stdin; /* Standard input stream. */
extern struct _IO_FILE *stdout; /* Standard output stream. */
extern struct _IO_FILE *stderr; /* Standard error output stream. */
/* C89/C99 say they're macros. Make them happy. */
#define stdin stdin
#define stdout stdout
#define stderr stderr