彻底解决matplotlib中文乱码问题

当我们用matplotlib作图时，往往会发现中文的文字变成了小方块，我在绘制决策树的时候就碰到了这个问题。将各种方式试了个遍，都不管用……最终发现是没有删除matplotlib下字体的缓存目录，即~/.cache/matplotlib

下面记录找到的比较好的方法，以便下次使用。

1.环境查看

a.系统版本查看

vickyleexy@vickyleexy-pc:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Deepin
DISTRIB_RELEASE=15.4
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Deepin 15.4 "
DISTRIB_CODENAME=unstable

b.系统中文字体查看

vickyleexy@vickyleexy-pc:~$ fc-list :lang=zh
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/uming.ttc: AR PL UMing TW MBE:style=Light
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/ukai.ttc: AR PL UKai CN:style=Book
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/ukai.ttc: AR PL UKai HK:style=Book
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-Light.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC Light,思源黑体 Light:style=Light,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/ukai.ttc: AR PL UKai TW:style=Book
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK KR,Noto Sans Mono CJK KR Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Black.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC Black:style=Black,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Black.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR Black:style=Black,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-Heavy.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC Heavy,思源黑体 Heavy:style=Heavy,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/wqy/wqy-microhei.ttc: 文泉驿微米黑,文泉驛微米黑,WenQuanYi Micro Hei:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK JP,Noto Sans Mono CJK JP Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Medium.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP Medium:style=Medium,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Light.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR Light:style=Light,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-Medium.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC Medium,思源黑体 Medium:style=Medium,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Black.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC Black:style=Black,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK TC,Noto Sans Mono CJK TC Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Light.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC Light:style=Light,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-Regular.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC Regular,思源黑体 Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Medium.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR Medium:style=Medium,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK SC,Noto Sans Mono CJK SC Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK JP,Noto Sans Mono CJK JP Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/droid/DroidSansFallbackFull.ttf: Droid Sans Fallback:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-DemiLight.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP DemiLight:style=DemiLight,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Thin.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP Thin:style=Thin,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-ExtraLight.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC ExtraLight,思源黑体 ExtraLight:style=ExtraLight,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Light.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP Light:style=Light,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Thin.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR Thin:style=Thin,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK KR,Noto Sans Mono CJK KR Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Thin.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC Thin:style=Thin,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-Normal.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC Normal,思源黑体 Normal:style=Normal,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-DemiLight.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC DemiLight:style=DemiLight,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-DemiLight.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC DemiLight:style=DemiLight,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/adobe-source-han-sans/SourceHanSansSC-Bold.otf: 思源黑体,Source Han Sans SC,Source Han Sans SC Bold,思源黑体 Bold:style=Bold,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Medium.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC Medium:style=Medium,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Black.ttc: Noto Sans CJK JP,Noto Sans CJK JP Black:style=Black,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Medium.ttc: Noto Sans CJK SC,Noto Sans CJK SC Medium:style=Medium,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-DemiLight.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR DemiLight:style=DemiLight,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/ukai.ttc: AR PL UKai TW MBE:style=Book
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK TC,Noto Sans Mono CJK TC Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/uming.ttc: AR PL UMing TW:style=Light
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/simsun.ttc: 宋体,SimSun:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/uming.ttc: AR PL UMing CN:style=Light
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: Noto Sans Mono CJK SC,Noto Sans Mono CJK SC Regular:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/uming.ttc: AR PL UMing HK:style=Light
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/wqy/wqy-microhei.ttc: 文泉驿等宽微米黑,文泉驛等寬微米黑,WenQuanYi Micro Hei Mono:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/simsun.ttc: 新宋体,NSimSun:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Thin.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC Thin:style=Thin,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Light.ttc: Noto Sans CJK TC,Noto Sans CJK TC Light:style=Light,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Bold.ttc: Noto Sans CJK KR,Noto Sans CJK KR Bold:style=Bold,Regular

c.Python版本及matplotlib配置文件位置查询

vickyleexy@vickyleexy-pc:~$ python
Python 2.7.12+ (default, Aug  4 2016, 20:04:34) 
[GCC 6.1.1 20160724] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import matplotlib
>>> matplotlib.matplotlib_fname()
u'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/matplotlibrc'

2.第一种解决方法

在代码中指定字体配置

#coding:utf-8  
import matplotlib  
matplotlib.use('qt4agg')  
from matplotlib.font_manager import *  
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  
#定义自定义字体，文件名从1.b查看系统中文字体中来  
myfont = FontProperties(fname='/usr/share/fonts/wqy-zenhei/wqy-zenhei.ttc')  
#解决负号'-'显示为方块的问题  
matplotlib.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False  
plt.plot([-1,2,-5,3])  
plt.title(u'中文',fontproperties=myfont)  
plt.show()

3.第二种解决办法

首先将windwos中fonts目录下的simhei.ttf拷贝到/home/hadoop/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf(文件路径参考1.c，根据实际情况修改)目录中，
然后删除~/.cache/matplotlib的缓冲目录
第三在代码中动态设置参数：

#coding:utf-8  
import matplotlib  
matplotlib.use('qt4agg')  
#指定默认字体  
matplotlib.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']   
matplotlib.rcParams['font.family']='sans-serif'  
#解决负号'-'显示为方块的问题  
matplotlib.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False   
plt.plot([-1,2,-5,3])  
plt.title(u'中文',fontproperties=myfont)  
plt.show()

4.第三钟解决办法

首先将windwos中fonts目录下的simhei.ttf拷贝到/home/hadoop/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf目录中，
然后删除~/.cache/matplotlib的缓冲目录
第三修改修改配置文件：
[hadoop@p168 ~]$vim /home/hadoop/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/matplotlibrc
文件路径参考1.c，根据实际情况修改，找到如下两项，去掉前面的#，并在font.sans-serif冒号后面加上SimHei，保持退出。
font.family         : sans-serif        
font.sans-serif     : SimHei, Bitstream Vera Sans, Lucida Grande, Verdana, Geneva, Lucid, Arial, Helvetica, Avant Garde, sans-serif     
就是知道字库族为sans-serif,同时添加“SimHei”即宋体到字库族列表中，同时将找到
axes.unicode_minus，将True改为False，作用就是解决负号'-'显示为方块的问题

5.常见问题

a.当matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf中没有指定字体是执行时会出现如下错误.

font_manager.py:1287: UserWarning: findfont: Font family [u'sans-serif'] not found. Falling back to Bitstream Vera Sans
  (prop.get_family(), self.defaultFamily[fontext]))

b.有字体但还是显示小方块,一般是没有删除~/.cache/matplotlib 的缓冲目录!

c.matplotlib.use(‘qt4agg’)出错,plt.show()没显示.

转载于：http://blog.csdn.net/dgatiger/article/details/50414549