Java - Thinking in Java 第5章 习题

###1

//: Main.java

/**
 * String初始化
 */

class Test {
    String s;
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
        System.out.println("s = " + t.s);
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 s = null
 *///:~

###2
初始化效果相同, 成员变量定义初始化定义时确定, 构造初始化构造时确定.

//: Main.java

/**
 * 初始化
 */

class Test {
    String s1;
    String s2 = "haha";
    String s3;
    Test () {
        s3 = "hehe";
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
        System.out.println("s1 = " + t.s1);
        System.out.println("s2 = " + t.s2);
        System.out.println("s3 = " + t.s3);    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 s1 = null
 s2 = haha
 s3 = hehe
 *///:~

###3

//: Main.java

/**
 * 默认构造器
 */

class Test {
    Test () {
        System.out.println("This is Test");
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 This is Test
 *///:~

###4

//: Main.java

/**
 * 默认构造器
 */

class Test {
    Test () {
        System.out.println("This is Test");
    }
    Test (String s) {
        System.out.println("Test : " + s);
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test("Hello");
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Test : Hello
 *///:~

###5

//: Main.java

/**
 * 构造器重载
 */

class Dog {
    Dog() {
        System.out.println("Wang! Wang! Wang!");
    }

    Dog(String s) {
        System.out.println("Barking!");
    }

    Dog(int i) {
        System.out.println("Howling!");
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog d1 = new Dog();
        Dog d2 = new Dog("Hello");
        Dog d3 = new Dog(1);
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Wang! Wang! Wang!
 Barking!
 Howling!
 *///:~

###6

//: Main.java

/**
 * 构造器重载-参数顺序不同
 */

class Dog {
    Dog() {
        System.out.println("Wang! Wang! Wang!");
    }

    Dog(String s, int i) {
        System.out.println("Barking!");
    }

    Dog(int i, String s) {
        System.out.println("Howling!");
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog d1 = new Dog();
        Dog d2 = new Dog("Hello", 1);
        Dog d3 = new Dog(1, "Hello");
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Wang! Wang! Wang!
 Barking!
 Howling!
 *///:~

###7

//: Main.java

/**
 * 默认构造器
 */

class Test {
    String s = "Hello World";
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
        System.out.println(t.s);
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Hello World
 *///:~

###8

//: Main.java

/**
 * 默认构造器
 */

class Test {
    private void method1() {
        System.out.println("This is method 1.");
    }
    public void method2() {
        method1();
        this.method1();
    }
 }

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
        t.method2();
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 This is method 1.
 This is method 1.
 *///:~

###9

//: Main.java

/**
 * 默认构造器
 */

class Test {
    Test (int t) {
        System.out.println("This is " + t);
    }
    Test (String s, int t) {
        this(t);
        System.out.println("This is " + s);
    }
 }

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test("Hello", 42);
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 This is 42
 This is Hello
 *///:~

###10&11
finalize()被调用的条件, (1)类未被调用(置null), (2)调用System.gc().
注意: Java1.6以下可以, 1.8不可以.

//: Main.java

/**
 * 垃圾回收
 * 注意: Java环境1.6可以, 1.8不可以, 垃圾回收机制改变.
 */

class Test {
    @Override
    protected void finalize(){
        System.out.println("finalize");
//        super.finalize();
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test t = new Test();
        t = null; // 确保finalize()会被调用
        System.gc();
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 finalize
 *///:~

###12
清理对象时, 会调用finalize()函数, 并且会保留存储数据, 如T2;
在清理对象时, 会入栈出栈, 先入后清理, 后入先清理.

//: Main.java

/**
 * 垃圾回收
 * 注意: Java环境1.6可以, 1.8不可以, 垃圾回收机制改变.
 */

class Tank {
    boolean isFull = false;
    String name;
    Tank(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    void setEmpty() {
        isFull = false;
    }
    void setFull() {
        isFull = true;
    }

    @Override
    protected void finalize(){
        if (!isFull) {
            System.out.println(name + ": 清理");
        }
//        super.finalize();
    }
}

class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Tank t1 = new Tank("T1");
        Tank t2 = new Tank("T2");
        Tank t3 = new Tank("T3");
        t1.setFull();
        t2.setEmpty();
        t1 = null;
        t2 = null;
        t3 = null;
        System.gc();
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 T3: 清理
 T2: 清理
 *///:~

###13

//: ExplicitStatic.java
/**
 * 显示静态初始化
 * 静态初始化在首次调用类时执行
 *
 * Created by C.L.Wang on 15/7/27.
 */

class Cup {
    Cup(int marker) {
        System.out.println("Cup(" + marker + ")");
    }
    void f(int marker) {
        System.out.print("f(" + marker + ")");
    }
}

class Cups {
    static Cup cup1;
    static Cup cup2;
    static {
        cup1 = new Cup(1);
        cup2 = new Cup(2);
    }
    Cups() {
        System.out.println("Cups()");
    }
}

public class ExplicitStatic {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Inside main()");
        Cups.cup1.f(99);
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Inside main()
 Cup(1)
 Cup(2)
 f(99)
 *
 *///:~

###14

//: StaticInitialization.java
/**
 * 定义初始化和静态块初始化
 *
 * Created by C.L.Wang on 15/7/27.
 */
class Something {
    String str;
    Something(String str) {
        this.str = str;
        System.out.println("Something is " + str);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return str;
    }
}

class Girl {
    static Something name = new Something("Caroline");
    static Something favor;
    static {
        favor = new Something("Dolls");
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " loves " + favor + ".";
    }
}

public class StaticInitialization {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Girl girl = new Girl();
        System.out.println(girl);
    }
}

###15

//: StaticInitialization.java
/**
 * 非静态示例初始化, 为了支持匿名内部类.
 *
 * Created by C.L.Wang on 15/7/27.
 */
class Something {
    String str;
    Something(String str) {
        this.str = str;
        System.out.println("Something is " + str);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return str;
    }
}

class Girl {
    Something name;
    Something favor;
    {
        name = new Something("Caroline");
        favor = new Something("Dolls");
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " loves " + favor + ".";
    }
}

public class StaticInitialization {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Girl girl = new Girl();
        System.out.println(girl);
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Something is Caroline
 Something is Dolls
 Caroline loves Dolls.
 *///:~

###16

//: StringArray.java
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * String 数组
 * 
 * Created by C.L.Wang on 15/7/27.
 */
public class StringArray {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int num = 5;
        String[] sa = new String[num];
        for (int i=0; i<num; ++i) {
            sa[i] = "Girl[" + i + "]";
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sa));
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 [Girl[0], Girl[1], Girl[2], Girl[3], Girl[4]]
 */

###17&18

//: StringArray.java
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * String类型数组初始化
 *
 * Created by C.L.Wang on 15/7/27.
 */
class StringExample {
    String str;
    StringExample(String str) {
        this.str = str;
        System.out.println("para = " + str);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return str;
    }
}

public class StringArray {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int num = 5;
        StringExample[] sea = new StringExample[5];
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sea));
        for (int i=0; i<num; ++i) {
            sea[i] = new StringExample("Girl[" + i + "]");
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(sea));
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 [null, null, null, null, null]
 para = Girl[0]
 para = Girl[1]
 para = Girl[2]
 para = Girl[3]
 para = Girl[4]
 [Girl[0], Girl[1], Girl[2], Girl[3], Girl[4]]
 */

###19

//: VariableArguments.java

/**
 * 可变参数
 * <p/>
 * Created by Wang on 15/7/30.
 */
public class VariableArguments {
    public VariableArguments(String... strs) {
        for (String s : strs) {
            System.out.print(s + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new VariableArguments("Hello", "World", "Kitty");
        new VariableArguments(new String[]{"Haha", "Hehe", "Heihei"});
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 Hello World Kitty
 Haha Hehe Heihei
 */

###20

//: OtherMain.java

/**
 * 测试main的可变参数形式
 * Created by wang on 15/7/30.
 */
public class OtherMain {
    public static void main(String... args) {
        for (String s : args) {
            System.out.print(s + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 * haha ahah haah ahha
 *///:~

###21&22

//: TestEnum.java

/**
 * 练习使用Enum, values(), ordinal(), switch
 * Created by wang on 15/7/30.
 */
public class TestEnum {
    private enum Money {
        HUNDRED, FIFTY, TWENTY, TEN, FIVE, TWO, ONE
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (Money m : Money.values()) {
            System.out.print(m + ":" + m.ordinal() + " ");
            switch (m) {
                case HUNDRED:
                    System.out.println("$" + 100);
                    break;
                case FIFTY:
                    System.out.println("$" + 50);
                    break;
                case TWENTY:
                    System.out.println("$" + 20);
                    break;
                case TEN:
                    System.out.println("$" + 10);
                    break;
                case FIVE:
                    System.out.println("$" + 5);
                    break;
                case TWO:
                    System.out.println("$" + 2);
                    break;
                case ONE:
                    System.out.println("$" + 1);
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
}
/**
 * Output:
 HUNDRED:0 $100
 FIFTY:1 $50
 TWENTY:2 $20
 TEN:3 $10
 FIVE:4 $5
 TWO:5 $2
 ONE:6 $1
 *///:~

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