java lambda 原理分析

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Java lambda 一眼看上去有点像匿名内部类的简化形式，但是二者确有着本质的差别。匿名内部类经编译后会生成对应的class文件，格式为XXX$n.class；而lambda代码经过编译后生成一个private方法，方法名格式为lambda$main$n。

// Application.main 方法中代码ArrayList<String> list = CollectionUtil.newArrayList("I", "love", "you");list.forEach(new Consumer<String>() {    @Override    public void accept(String s) {        System.out.println(s);    }});list.forEach(System.out::println);

以上代码就会产生一个Application$1.class文件和一个lambda$main$0的方法。既然lambda实现不是内部类，那么在lambda中this就代表的当前所在类实例。

// Application.main 方法中代码ArrayList<String> list = CollectionUtil.newArrayList("I", "love", "you");list.forEach(item -> {    System.out.println(item);});

通过javap -c -p Application.class查看以上代码对应的字节码：

Constant pool:   #1 = Methodref          #12.#36        // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V   #2 = Class              #37            // java/lang/String   #3 = String             #38            // I   #4 = String             #39            // love   #5 = String             #40            // you   #6 = Methodref          #41.#42        // cn/hutool/core/collection/CollectionUtil.newArrayList:([Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/util/ArrayList;   #7 = InvokeDynamic      #0:#48         // #0:accept:()Ljava/util/function/Consumer;   #8 = Methodref          #49.#50        // java/util/ArrayList.forEach:(Ljava/util/function/Consumer;)V   #9 = Fieldref           #51.#52        // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;  #10 = Methodref          #53.#54        // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V  #11 = Class              #55            // com/luo/demo/Application  #12 = Class              #56            // java/lang/Object  #13 = Utf8               <init>  #14 = Utf8               ()V  #15 = Utf8               Code  #16 = Utf8               LineNumberTable  #17 = Utf8               LocalVariableTable  #18 = Utf8               this  #19 = Utf8               Lcom/luo/demo/Application;  #20 = Utf8               main  #21 = Utf8               ([Ljava/lang/String;)V  #22 = Utf8               args  #23 = Utf8               [Ljava/lang/String;  #24 = Utf8               list  #25 = Utf8               Ljava/util/ArrayList;  #26 = Utf8               LocalVariableTypeTable  #27 = Utf8               Ljava/util/ArrayList<Ljava/lang/String;>;  #28 = Utf8               lambda$main$0  #29 = Utf8               (Ljava/lang/String;)V  #30 = Utf8               item  #31 = Utf8               Ljava/lang/String;  #32 = Utf8               SourceFile  #33 = Utf8               Application.java  #34 = Utf8               RuntimeVisibleAnnotations  #35 = Utf8               Lorg/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/SpringBootApplication;  #36 = NameAndType        #13:#14        // "<init>":()V  #37 = Utf8               java/lang/String  #38 = Utf8               I  #39 = Utf8               love  #40 = Utf8               you  #41 = Class              #57            // cn/hutool/core/collection/CollectionUtil  #42 = NameAndType        #58:#59        // newArrayList:([Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/util/ArrayList;  #43 = Utf8               BootstrapMethods  #44 = MethodHandle       #6:#60         // invokestatic java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;  #45 = MethodType         #61            //  (Ljava/lang/Object;)V  #46 = MethodHandle       #6:#62         // invokestatic com/luo/demo/Application.lambda$main$0:(Ljava/lang/String;)V  #47 = MethodType         #29            //  (Ljava/lang/String;)V  #48 = NameAndType        #63:#64        // accept:()Ljava/util/function/Consumer;  #49 = Class              #65            // java/util/ArrayList  #50 = NameAndType        #66:#67        // forEach:(Ljava/util/function/Consumer;)V  #51 = Class              #68            // java/lang/System  #52 = NameAndType        #69:#70        // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;  #53 = Class              #71            // java/io/PrintStream  #54 = NameAndType        #72:#29        // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V  #55 = Utf8               com/luo/demo/Application  #56 = Utf8               java/lang/Object  #57 = Utf8               cn/hutool/core/collection/CollectionUtil  #58 = Utf8               newArrayList  #59 = Utf8               ([Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/util/ArrayList;  #60 = Methodref          #73.#74        // java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;  #61 = Utf8               (Ljava/lang/Object;)V  #62 = Methodref          #11.#75        // com/luo/demo/Application.lambda$main$0:(Ljava/lang/String;)V  #63 = Utf8               accept  #64 = Utf8               ()Ljava/util/function/Consumer;  #65 = Utf8               java/util/ArrayList  #66 = Utf8               forEach  #67 = Utf8               (Ljava/util/function/Consumer;)V  #68 = Utf8               java/lang/System  #69 = Utf8               out  #70 = Utf8               Ljava/io/PrintStream;  #71 = Utf8               java/io/PrintStream  #72 = Utf8               println  #73 = Class              #76            // java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory  #74 = NameAndType        #77:#81        // metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;  #75 = NameAndType        #28:#29        // lambda$main$0:(Ljava/lang/String;)V  #76 = Utf8               java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory  #77 = Utf8               metafactory  #78 = Class              #83            // java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup  #79 = Utf8               Lookup  #80 = Utf8               InnerClasses  #81 = Utf8               (Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;  #82 = Class              #84            // java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles  #83 = Utf8               java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup  #84 = Utf8               java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles{  public com.luo.demo.Application();    descriptor: ()V    flags: ACC_PUBLIC    Code:      stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1         0: aload_0         1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V         4: return      LineNumberTable:        line 12: 0      LocalVariableTable:        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature            0       5     0  this   Lcom/luo/demo/Application;
  public static void main(java.lang.String[]);    descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V    flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC    Code:      stack=4, locals=2, args_size=1         0: iconst_3         1: anewarray     #2                  // class java/lang/String         4: dup         5: iconst_0         6: ldc           #3                  // String I         8: aastore         9: dup        10: iconst_1        11: ldc           #4                  // String love        13: aastore        14: dup        15: iconst_2        16: ldc           #5                  // String you        18: aastore        19: invokestatic  #6                  // Method cn/hutool/core/collection/CollectionUtil.newArrayList:([Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/util/ArrayList;        22: astore_1        23: aload_1        24: invokedynamic #7,  0              // InvokeDynamic #0:accept:()Ljava/util/function/Consumer;        29: invokevirtual #8                  // Method java/util/ArrayList.forEach:(Ljava/util/function/Consumer;)V        32: return      LineNumberTable:        line 15: 0        line 16: 23        line 19: 32      LocalVariableTable:        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature            0      33     0  args   [Ljava/lang/String;           23      10     1  list   Ljava/util/ArrayList;      LocalVariableTypeTable:        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature           23      10     1  list   Ljava/util/ArrayList<Ljava/lang/String;>;
  private static void lambda$main$0(java.lang.String);    descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)V    flags: ACC_PRIVATE, ACC_STATIC, ACC_SYNTHETIC    Code:      stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1         0: getstatic     #9                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;         3: aload_0         4: invokevirtual #10                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V         7: return      LineNumberTable:        line 17: 0        line 18: 7      LocalVariableTable:        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature            0       8     0  item   Ljava/lang/String;}

通过字节码可以看出，调用lambda方法时使用了invokedynamic，该字节码命令是为了支持动态语言特性而在Java7中新增的。Java的lambda表达式实现上也就借助于invokedynamic命令。

字节码中每一处含有invokeDynamic指令的位置都称为动态调用点，这条指令的第一个参数不再是代表方法调用符号引用的CONSTANT_Methodref_info常亮，而是变成为JDK7新加入的CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info常量，从这个新常量中可得到3项信息：引导方法（Bootstrap Method，此方法存放在新增的BootstrapMethods属性中）、方法类型和名称。引导方法是有固定的参数，并且返回值是java.lang.invoke.CallSite对象，这个代表真正要执行的目标方法调用。根据CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info常量中提供的信息，虚拟机可以找到并执行引导方法，从而获得一个CallSite对象，最终调用要执行的目标方法。

从上述mian方法的字节码可见，有一个invokeDynamic指令，他的参数为第7项常量（第二个值为0的参数HotSpot中用不到，占位符）。 invokedynamic #7, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:accept:()Ljava/util/function/Consumer;

常量池中第7项是#7 = InvokeDynamic #0:#48 // #0:accept:()Ljava/util/function/Consumer;，说明它是一项CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info常量，常量值中前面的#0表示引导方法取BootstrapMethods属性表的第0项，而后面的#48表示引用第48项类型为CONSTANAT_NameAndType_info的常量，从这个常量中可以获取方法名称和描述符，即accept方法。

BootstrapMethods:  0: #44 invokestatic java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory.metafactory:(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;    Method arguments:      #45 (Ljava/lang/Object;)V      #46 invokestatic com/luo/demo/Application.lambda$main$0:(Ljava/lang/String;)V      #47 (Ljava/lang/String;)V

上图是在lambda代码中打断点时的调用栈信息，如果在这里的lambda中打印当前所属class，就是Application类，也印证了前面分析的lambda代码会生成一个private方法。

从调用栈的信息来看，是在accept方法中调用lambda对应的private方法（ambda$main$0）的，但是这里的accept方法是属于什么对象呢？从图中看是一串数字字符串，这里可以理解成一个Consumer接口的实现类即可，每个lambda表达式可以理解成在一个新的Consumer实现类中调用的即可。使用命令jmap -histo查看JVM进程类和对象信息可以看到这一行信息： 600: 1 16 com.luo.demo.Application$$Lambda$5/1615039080

参考资料：

1、https://blog.csdn.net/zxhoo/article/details/38387141

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