zoj3618 Hash Function

Hash Function

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Time Limit: 3 Seconds       Memory Limit: 65536 KB

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Hash table is very important in computer science. A hash function is any algorithm or subroutine that maps large data sets of variable length, called keys, to smaller data sets of a fixed length. For example, a person's name, having a variable length, could be hashed to a single integer. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, hash sums, checksums or simply hashes.

Polynomial hash function is a simple kind of hash function as follow: Assume the key is of the form of a Object with multiple components, (x₀, x₁, x₂, ..., x_k-1), for example a string, the individual objects characters. Given a positive integer b, we use the polynomial function f defined below as a naive hash function: f(x,b) = x₀b^k-1 + x₁b^k-2 + ... + x_k-2b + x_k-1 . Because the value of f(x,b) is too large, we usually take the remainder of it divided by a particular prime integer P larger than b.

Here comes the problem, given a string S, a hash function f and integer N, calculate how many substrings(non-empty consecutive characters) of S whose hash value is N.

Input

There are multiple test cases. The first line of input is an integer T(T ≈ 100) indicates the number of test cases. Then T test cases follow. Each test case contains 2 lines. The first line of each test case is a line containing a string S. The second line is an integer b , a prime integer P and another integer N separated by a space. The length of the string S is no longer than 10000 and all the characters are printable whose ASCII value is between 32 and 126 inclusive, 0 <=b,N <P <2³¹.

Output

Output the answer in a single line.

Sample Input

2
BBB
1 2 1
BBB
1 2 0

Sample Output

0
6

Hint

In both of the 2 samples, the hash value of all the substrings are even because the ASCII value of B is 66. There is 1 substring BBB whose hash value is 198. There are 2 substrings BB whose hash value are 132. There are 3 substrings B whose hash value are 66.

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Author:  CAO, Peng

Contest: ZOJ Monthly, June 2012

题意:

第一行是case数

接下来case个数据块

每个是这样的，第一行是一串字符串，

第一行是三个数字b,p,n

由题目公式看f(x,b) = x₀b^k-1 + x₁b^k-2 + ... + x_k-2b + x_k-1

最后f(x,b)%p

本题求得是该字符串的子串用这个公式算出的值等于n的有多少个！

如BBB,b为1,p为2,n为0

有3个含有1个B的子串

f(x,b)=66(B的ACSII码)*1^0=66

有两个含有2个B的子串

f(x,b)=66*1^1+66*1^0=132

有1个含有3个B的子串

f(x,b)=66*1^2+66*1^1+66*1^0=198

而这三个f(x,b)%p(p为2)均为0(N的值）

所以全满足！、

那么一共是3+2+1=6个

即case2输出6

分析:

这是一道字符串哈希的题目，因为字符串有1W长度，所以直接暴力显然不可行，那么我们只能用前缀的思想储存一部分的字符串的值。

首先想一个字符串如果要取余之后等于n那么它肯定是由别的子串构成的

我们构造一个前缀和是从后往前前n个串的f(x,b)

以上述BBB的例子

sum[1]=66*1^2+66*1^1+66*1^0

sum[2]=66*1^1+66*1^0

sum[3]=66*1^0

那么设t=sum[3]+n,如果t这个串有几个就是有几个满足的

同理t=sum[2]+n,t=sum[1]+n

而这个n是要转换的

如这个图，n是要转化的，但是如何转化最效率呢

聪明的读者一定早就知道了！

n=n*b^i%p次

那么用map保存前缀，然后即可！

code:

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
map <long long,int> mm;
char str[10010];
long long sum[10010],p,B[10010],a[10010],js[10010];
int main()
{
	int T,b,n,len,i,k;
	long long ans,t;
	scanf("%d",&T);
	getchar();
	while(T--){
		mm.clear();
		gets(str);
		scanf("%d%d%d",&b,&p,&n);
		getchar();
		ans=0;
		len=strlen(str);
		for(i=0;i<len;i++)
			a[i]=str[i]-0;
		sum[len]=0;
		B[len]=1;
		for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--){
			sum[i]=(sum[i+1]+a[i]*B[i+1]%p)%p;
			B[i]=B[i+1]*b%p;
			if(mm.find(sum[i])==mm.end())
				mm[sum[i]]=1;
			else
				mm[sum[i]]++;
		}
		if(mm.find(n)!=mm.end())
			ans+=mm[n];
		for(i=len-1;i>0;i--){
			t=(B[i]*n%p+sum[i])%p;
			mm[sum[i]]--;//为何这里要减减呢！，考虑下BBB的情况你就知道了
			if(mm.find(t)!=mm.end()){
				ans+=mm[t];
			}
		}
		printf("%lld\n",ans);
	}
}