MySQL 事务的隔离级别及锁操作演示

本文详细探讨了MySQL中的四种事务隔离级别:读未提交、读已提交、可重复读以及它们之间的区别。通过实例展示了在不同隔离级别下,如何处理脏读、不可重复读等问题。此外,还深入讲解了Next-Key锁的工作原理,包括等值条件和范围条件下的加锁行为,以及在实际操作中的锁冲突情况。
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MySQL 版本:5.7

安装环境:MAC OS

一、测试数据

测试数据库:test;测试表:tt

CREATE TABLE `tt` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  KEY `name_idx` (`name`),
  KEY `id_idx` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 

插入测试数据:

insert into tt value(1, "a”);
insert into tt value(1, "b”);
insert into tt value(2, “b");

二、数据库服务设置

1、事务隔离级别设置

mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'repeatable-read';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;
+-------------------------+
| @@transaction_isolation |
+-------------------------+
| READ-UNCOMMITTED        |
+-------------------------+

2、锁等待时间设置

mysql> set global innodb_lock_wait_timeout=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select @@innodb_lock_wait_timeout;
+----------------------------+
| @@innodb_lock_wait_timeout |
+----------------------------+
|                          5 |
+----------------------------+

3、附注

更改设置后,后续开启的连接 Session 才会生效。 

三、读未提交(READ-UNCOMMITTED)

开启两个连接 Session: 

Session 1Session 2

开启事务,更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ss" ,保持事务未提交:

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tt;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | a    |
|    1 | b    |
|    2 | b    |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tt set name = 'ss' where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
 
 

开启事务,查询 id 为 2 的记录 name 值:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | ss   |
+------+———+ 

事务 2 可以查询到事务 1 未提交的数据变更。对于事务 2 来说,这条数据是脏数据。

四、读已提交(READ-COMMITTED)

解决 READ-UNCOMMITTED 隔离级别下产生的脏读现象。

设置事务隔离级别:

mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'read-committed';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

重新开启测试 Session,查询事务隔离级别:

mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;
+-------------------------+
| @@transaction_isolation |
+-------------------------+
| READ-COMMITTED          |
+-------------------------+
Session 1Session 2
开启事务,更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ssr”:
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> update tt set name = 'ssr' where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
 
mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | ssr  |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
 
 
查询数据,无法查询到 事务 1 未提交的数据:
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | b    |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 
提交事务:
mysql> commit ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
 
 
查询数据,得到的是事务 1 中已提交的数据变更:
mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | ssr    |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
对于事务 2 来说,在事务 1 提交前后,获取到的数据是不一样的,即不可重复读问题。

五、可重复读(REPEATABLE-READ)

解决 READ-COMMITTED 隔离级别下产生的不可重复读现象。

Session 1中 设置事务隔离级别: 

mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'repeatable-read';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

重新开启事务,查询隔离级别:

mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;
+-------------------------+
| @@transaction_isolation |
+-------------------------+
| REPEATABLE-READ         |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Session 1Session 2

Session 2 开启事务,查询数据:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Database changed
mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | b    |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ssrr”, 并提交事务:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tt set name = 'ssrr' where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | ssrr |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)  

Session 2 重新查询数据:

mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | b    |
+------+------+

当前数据未变。

但是问题是,事务 1 已经进行了数据变更,并且提交,事务 2 无法获取所查记录最新变更信息。

为什么事务 2 前后两次相同查询所得的数据是一样的?

一致性读(consistent read)查询模式:基于【某一时刻】的【数据快照】提供读查询结果。无论查询的数据是否被其它事务所改变。这个【某一时刻】在 repeatable-read 隔离级别下为事务中第一次执行查询操作的时间点,read-committed 隔离级别下,数据快照会在每一次执行一致性读操作时进行重置。

幻读

如何避免:加X锁

Next-key lock:Record lock + Gap lock

六、关于 Next-key lock 加锁

调整表 tt 索引及数据:

mysql> show create table tt;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                      |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| tt    | CREATE TABLE `tt` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `idx_age` (`age`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tt;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
|  90 | aa   |   10 |
| 102 | bb   |   15 |
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
| 130 | dd   |   25 |
| 150 | ee   |   30 |
+-----+------+------+

1、等值条件

对于使用唯一性索引:加的锁为 Record lock

Session 1Session 2

开启事务,查询 id 为 108 记录加 X lock:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where id = 108 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
 
 

开启事务,记录前后紧邻 gap 插入记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(106, 'bc', 16);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(110, 'cd', 22);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

记录均可成功插入

对于使用非唯一性索引:加的锁为 Record lock + Gap lock 前后紧邻 gap

:首先加锁 (15, 20],因为是非唯一索引,继续向后查找到第一个不满足条件的元素 25 加 gap lock (20, 25)

Session 1 Session 2

开启事务,查询 age 为 20 记录加 X lock:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where age = 20 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
 

开启事务,记录紧邻前后 gap 插入记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into tt value(106, 'bc', 18);
 
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
 
mysql> insert into tt value(110, 'cd', 22);
 
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

操作均被 block。

紧邻 gap 以外插入记录:

mysql> insert into tt value(100, 'ab', 12);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 27);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

记录均可成功插入

对于不使用索引的:加锁为全部记录及gap 

Session1
Session2

开启事务,查询 name 为 ‘cc’ 记录加 X lock:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where name = 'cc' for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
 
 

开启事务,各个间隙尝试插入记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(80, 'pa', 5);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(95, 'ab', 13);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(105, 'bc', 18);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(160, 'en', 35);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

操作均被 block。

更新记录:

mysql> update tt set age = 21 where name = 'cc';
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> update tt set age = 16 where name = 'bb';
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

操作均被 block。

2、范围条件

使用唯一索引:

Session 1Session 2

开启事务,查询 id 为 108 的记录用以更新

mysql> select * from tt where id >= 108 and id < 109 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
 
 

开启事务,间隙插入记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
 
mysql> update tt set age = 26 where id = 130;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

操作被 block。

加锁说明:

>= 108 条件:主键索引加锁为 Record lock 记录 108

< 109 条件:因为不存在 109 记录,所以继续向右遍历至 130 不满足,加锁 (108, 130]

重新开启事务,右侧条件改为开区间 130:

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where id >= 108 and id < 130 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
 
 

开启事务,操作 130 后间隙插入记录及更新 id 为 130 记录:

mysql> insert into tt value(135, 'ce', 32);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
 
mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> update tt set age = 26 where id = 130;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。

加锁说明:

< 130 条件:存在 130 记录,加锁 (108, 130]

重新开启事务,右侧条件改为闭区间 130

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where id >= 108 and id <= 130 for update;
 
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
| 130 | dd   |   25 |
+-----+------+------+
 
 

开启事务,操作 130 后间隙插入记录及更新 id 为 150 记录:

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> update tt set age = 35 where id = 150;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。

加锁说明:

<= 130 条件:存在 130 记录,加锁 (108, 130],继续向右查询到不满足条件记录 150,加锁 (130, 150] 

 2、使用非唯一索引

Session 1Session 2

开启事务,查询 age 范围记录用以更新:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where age >= 20 and age < 21 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
 
 

开启事务,间隙插入记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(105, 'bc', 18);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> update tt set name = 'test' where age = 25;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

加锁说明:

>= 20 条件:非唯一索引,加锁为 (15, 20]

< 21 条件:因为不存在 21 记录,所以继续向右遍历至 25 不满足,加锁 (20, 25]

重新开启事务,右侧条件改为开区间 25

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where age >= 20 and age < 25 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
 
 

开启事务,操作 25 后间隙插入记录及更新 id 为 25 记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> update tt set name = 'test' where age = 25;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。

加锁说明:

< 25 条件:存在 25 记录,加锁 (20, 25]

重新开启事务,右侧条件改为闭区间 25

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> select * from tt where age >= 20 and age <= 25 for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
| 130 | dd   |   25 |
+-----+------+------+
 
 

开启事务,操作 25 后间隙插入记录及更新 age 为 30 记录:

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> update tt set name = 'test' where age = 30;
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

插入操作成功,更新操作被 block。

加锁说明:

<= 25 条件:存在 25 记录,加锁 (20, 25],继续向右查询到不满足条件记录 30,加锁 (25, 30] 

3、 不使用索引

Session 1Session 2

开启事务,查询 name 范围记录用以更新:

mysql> select * from tt where name >= 'cc' and name < 'dd' for update;
+-----+------+------+
| id  | name | age  |
+-----+------+------+
| 108 | cc   |   20 |
+-----+------+------+
 
 

开启事务,间隙插入记录:

mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> insert into tt value(85, 'pa', 5);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(95, 'ab', 13);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(105, 'bc', 18);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
mysql> insert into tt value(160, 'et', 50);
ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction

加锁说明:

间隙全部加锁

七、附加订阅

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