在本教程中,您将学习如何使用迁移学习来训练您的网络。 您可以在cs231n笔记上阅读有关迁移学习的更多信息。
引用这些笔记,
在实践中,很少有人从头开始训练整个卷积网络(随机初始化),因为拥有足够大小的数据集是相对罕见的。相反,通常在非常大的数据集(例如ImageNet,其包含具有1000个类别的120万个图像)上预先训练ConvNet,然后使用ConvNet作为感兴趣的任务的初始化或固定特征提取器。
这两个主要的迁移学习场景如下:
- Finetuning the convnet:我们使用预训练网络初始化网络,而不是随机初始化,就像在imagenet 1000数据集上训练的网络一样。 其余训练看起来像往常一样。
- ConvNet作为固定特征提取器:在这里,我们将冻结除最终完全连接层之外的所有网络的权重。 最后一个完全连接的层被替换为具有随机权重的新层,并且仅训练该层。
# License: BSD
# Author: Sasank Chilamkurthy
from __future__ import print_function, division
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.optim import lr_scheduler
import numpy as np
import torchvision
from torchvision import datasets, models, transforms
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time
import os
import copy
plt.ion() # interactive mode
Load Data
我们将使用torchvision和torch.utils.data包来加载数据。
我们今天要解决的问题是训练一个模型来对蚂蚁和蜜蜂进行分类。 我们有大约120个训练图像,每个图像用于蚂蚁和蜜蜂。 每个类有75个验证图像。 通常,如果从头开始训练,这是一个非常小的数据集。 由于我们正在使用迁移学习,我们应该能够合理地推广。
该数据集是imagenet的一个非常小的子集。
从此处下载数据并将其解压缩到当前目录。
# Data augmentation and normalization for training
# Just normalization for validation
data_transforms = {
'train': transforms.Compose([
transforms.RandomResizedCrop(224),
transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
transforms.ToTensor(),
transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
]),
'val': transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize(256),
transforms.CenterCrop(224),
transforms.ToTensor(),
transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
]),
}
data_dir = 'data/hymenoptera_data'
image_datasets = {x: datasets.ImageFolder(os.path.join(data_dir, x),
data_transforms[x])
for x in ['train', 'val']}
dataloaders = {x: torch.utils.data.DataLoader(image_datasets[x], batch_size=4,
shuffle=True, num_workers=4)
for x in ['train', 'val']}
dataset_sizes = {x: len(image_datasets[x]) for x in ['train', 'val']}
class_names = image_datasets['train'].classes
device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
Visualize a few images
让我们可视化一些训练图像,以便了解数据增强。
def imshow(inp, title=None):
"""Imshow for Tensor."""
inp = inp.numpy().transpose((1, 2, 0))
mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406])
std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
inp = std * inp + mean
inp = np.clip(inp, 0, 1)
plt.imshow(inp)
if title is not None:
plt.title(title)
plt.pause(0.001) # pause a bit so that plots are updated
# Get a batch of training data
inputs, classes = next(iter(dataloaders['train']))
# Make a grid from batch
out = torchvision.utils.make_grid(inputs)
imshow(out, title=[class_names[x] for x in classes])
Training the model
现在,让我们编写一个通用函数来训练模型。 在这里,我们将说明:
- 安排学习率
- 保存最好的模型
在下文中,参数scheduler是来自torch.optim.lr_scheduler的LR调度程序对象。
def train_model(model, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, num_epochs=25):
since = time.time()
best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
best_acc = 0.0
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
print('Epoch {}/{}'.format(epoch, num_epochs - 1))
print('-' * 10)
# Each epoch has a training and validation phase
for phase in ['train', 'val']:
if phase == 'train':
scheduler.step()
model.train() # Set model to training mode
else:
model.eval() # Set model to evaluate mode
running_loss = 0.0
running_corrects = 0
# Iterate over data.
for inputs, labels in dataloaders[phase]:
inputs = inputs.to(device)
labels = labels.to(device)
# zero the parameter gradients
optimizer.zero_grad()
# forward
# track history if only in train
with torch.set_grad_enabled(phase == 'train'):
outputs = model(inputs)
_, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
# backward + optimize only if in training phase
if phase == 'train':
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
# statistics
running_loss += loss.item() * inputs.size(0)
running_corrects += torch.sum(preds == labels.data)
epoch_loss = running_loss / dataset_sizes[phase]
epoch_acc = running_corrects.double() / dataset_sizes[phase]
print('{} Loss: {:.4f} Acc: {:.4f}'.format(
phase, epoch_loss, epoch_acc))
# deep copy the model
if phase == 'val' and epoch_acc > best_acc:
best_acc = epoch_acc
best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
print()
time_elapsed = time.time() - since
print('Training complete in {:.0f}m {:.0f}s'.format(
time_elapsed // 60, time_elapsed % 60))
print('Best val Acc: {:4f}'.format(best_acc))
# load best model weights
model.load_state_dict(best_model_wts)
return model
Visualizing the model predictions
用于显示少量图像预测的通用函数
def visualize_model(model, num_images=6):
was_training = model.training
model.eval()
images_so_far = 0
fig = plt.figure()
with torch.no_grad():
for i, (inputs, labels) in enumerate(dataloaders['val']):
inputs = inputs.to(device)
labels = labels.to(device)
outputs = model(inputs)
_, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
for j in range(inputs.size()[0]):
images_so_far += 1
ax = plt.subplot(num_images//2, 2, images_so_far)
ax.axis('off')
ax.set_title('predicted: {}'.format(class_names[preds[j]]))
imshow(inputs.cpu().data[j])
if images_so_far == num_images:
model.train(mode=was_training)
return
model.train(mode=was_training)
Finetuning the convnet
加载预训练模型并重置最终完全连接的图层。
model_ft = models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
num_ftrs = model_ft.fc.in_features
model_ft.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2)
model_ft = model_ft.to(device)
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# Observe that all parameters are being optimized
optimizer_ft = optim.SGD(model_ft.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
# Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs
exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_ft, step_size=7, gamma=0.1)
Train and evaluate
CPU上需要大约15-25分钟。 但是在GPU上,它只需不到一分钟。
model_ft = train_model(model_ft, criterion, optimizer_ft, exp_lr_scheduler,
num_epochs=25)
Out:
Epoch 0/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6223 Acc: 0.6516
val Loss: 0.3521 Acc: 0.8889
Epoch 1/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6196 Acc: 0.7582
val Loss: 0.2696 Acc: 0.9020
Epoch 2/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4888 Acc: 0.7992
val Loss: 0.3266 Acc: 0.8693
Epoch 3/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4684 Acc: 0.8115
val Loss: 0.2606 Acc: 0.9281
Epoch 4/24
----------
train Loss: 0.7273 Acc: 0.7582
val Loss: 0.6259 Acc: 0.8170
Epoch 5/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4543 Acc: 0.8279
val Loss: 0.3323 Acc: 0.8954
Epoch 6/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4281 Acc: 0.8238
val Loss: 0.4571 Acc: 0.8824
Epoch 7/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5758 Acc: 0.8443
val Loss: 0.3238 Acc: 0.9150
Epoch 8/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3818 Acc: 0.8361
val Loss: 0.2771 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 9/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3732 Acc: 0.8402
val Loss: 0.3123 Acc: 0.8889
Epoch 10/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2966 Acc: 0.8566
val Loss: 0.2823 Acc: 0.9150
Epoch 11/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3123 Acc: 0.8566
val Loss: 0.2809 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 12/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2116 Acc: 0.9098
val Loss: 0.2842 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 13/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3401 Acc: 0.8525
val Loss: 0.2774 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 14/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2864 Acc: 0.8811
val Loss: 0.2774 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 15/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2472 Acc: 0.8811
val Loss: 0.2796 Acc: 0.8954
Epoch 16/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3174 Acc: 0.8770
val Loss: 0.2770 Acc: 0.9150
Epoch 17/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2507 Acc: 0.8975
val Loss: 0.2726 Acc: 0.8954
Epoch 18/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3065 Acc: 0.8689
val Loss: 0.2660 Acc: 0.8954
Epoch 19/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3193 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.2824 Acc: 0.9020
Epoch 20/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3228 Acc: 0.8525
val Loss: 0.2788 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 21/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2769 Acc: 0.9057
val Loss: 0.2679 Acc: 0.9150
Epoch 22/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2798 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.2728 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 23/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2723 Acc: 0.8893
val Loss: 0.2569 Acc: 0.9085
Epoch 24/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2465 Acc: 0.8893
val Loss: 0.2652 Acc: 0.9150
Training complete in 1m 8s
Best val Acc: 0.928105
visualize_model(model_ft)
ConvNet as fixed feature extractor
在这里,我们需要冻结除最后一层之外的所有网络。 我们需要设置requires_grad == False来冻结参数,以便不在backward()中计算梯度。
您可以在此处的文档中阅读更多相关信息。
model_conv = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
for param in model_conv.parameters():
param.requires_grad = False
# Parameters of newly constructed modules have requires_grad=True by default
num_ftrs = model_conv.fc.in_features
model_conv.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2)
model_conv = model_conv.to(device)
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# Observe that only parameters of final layer are being optimized as
# opposed to before.
optimizer_conv = optim.SGD(model_conv.fc.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
# Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs
exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_conv, step_size=7, gamma=0.1)
Train and evaluate
在CPU上,与前一个场景相比,这将花费大约一半的时间。 这是预期的,因为不需要为大多数网络计算梯度。 但是,需要计算梯度。
model_conv = train_model(model_conv, criterion, optimizer_conv,
exp_lr_scheduler, num_epochs=25)
Out:
Epoch 0/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6739 Acc: 0.6393
val Loss: 0.3576 Acc: 0.8301
Epoch 1/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5562 Acc: 0.7295
val Loss: 0.2005 Acc: 0.9281
Epoch 2/24
----------
train Loss: 0.7259 Acc: 0.6967
val Loss: 0.5577 Acc: 0.7712
Epoch 3/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6574 Acc: 0.7582
val Loss: 0.1995 Acc: 0.9281
Epoch 4/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4485 Acc: 0.8443
val Loss: 0.2090 Acc: 0.9412
Epoch 5/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5107 Acc: 0.7951
val Loss: 0.2062 Acc: 0.9346
Epoch 6/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5821 Acc: 0.8156
val Loss: 0.1935 Acc: 0.9542
Epoch 7/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3424 Acc: 0.8484
val Loss: 0.2099 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 8/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3542 Acc: 0.8484
val Loss: 0.2294 Acc: 0.9346
Epoch 9/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3682 Acc: 0.8361
val Loss: 0.1848 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 10/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3868 Acc: 0.8361
val Loss: 0.2021 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 11/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3017 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.1896 Acc: 0.9608
Epoch 12/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4049 Acc: 0.8361
val Loss: 0.1831 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 13/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3673 Acc: 0.8361
val Loss: 0.1891 Acc: 0.9542
Epoch 14/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3887 Acc: 0.8320
val Loss: 0.1927 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 15/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4134 Acc: 0.8156
val Loss: 0.1914 Acc: 0.9542
Epoch 16/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3637 Acc: 0.8689
val Loss: 0.2104 Acc: 0.9412
Epoch 17/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3139 Acc: 0.8484
val Loss: 0.1999 Acc: 0.9608
Epoch 18/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2633 Acc: 0.8893
val Loss: 0.2157 Acc: 0.9412
Epoch 19/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4095 Acc: 0.8320
val Loss: 0.2008 Acc: 0.9412
Epoch 20/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2604 Acc: 0.9016
val Loss: 0.2012 Acc: 0.9542
Epoch 21/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3425 Acc: 0.8607
val Loss: 0.2186 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 22/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3245 Acc: 0.8607
val Loss: 0.1831 Acc: 0.9477
Epoch 23/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3047 Acc: 0.8607
val Loss: 0.2010 Acc: 0.9542
Epoch 24/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2519 Acc: 0.8975
val Loss: 0.2045 Acc: 0.9477
Training complete in 0m 35s
Best val Acc: 0.960784
visualize_model(model_conv)
plt.ioff()
plt.show()