C#多线程（四）

最新推荐文章于 2021-05-14 10:48:38 发布

shikankedeng

最新推荐文章于 2021-05-14 10:48:38 发布

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一、基于事件的异步模型（Event-Based Asynchronous EBA）

EAP提供了一个简单的方式来使用多线程编程，提供了多线程能力的同时而不用显式的打开或者管理线程。同时提供了一个取消模型，可以安全的更新WPF和WindowsFormsControl的属性。

EAP只是一个模型，这些特性必须要采用实际的代码来实现。在.NET Framework中最明显的就是BackgroundWorker类、WebClient类等。这些类中的方法以*Async结尾的犯法就是异步执行的：它们新打开一个线程，将结果返回给调用的方法，当执行完毕之后调用以*Completed结尾的方法来处理，这个方法会自动调用Invoke方法（WPF和WindowForms中）。

二、BackgroundWorker类

这是一个System.ComponentModel命名空间中的辅助类，这是一个一般意义上EAP模型的实现。这个类使用了线程池，因此不能调用Abort方法。

1、使用BackgroundWorker

首先实例化一个BackgroundWorker类的对象，并且调用DoWork方法调用RunWorkerAsync方法，可以提供一个对象类型的参数

 
   ? 
  
        static 
         BackgroundWorker _bw =  
        new 
         BackgroundWorker(); 
       
        static 
         void 
        Main() 
       
        { 
       
        _bw.DoWork += bw_DoWork; 
       
        _bw.RunWorkerAsync ( 
        "Message to worker" 
        ); 
       
        Console.ReadLine(); 
       
        } 
       
        static 
         void 
        bw_DoWork (object sender, DoWorkEventArgs e) 
       
        { 
       
        // This is called on the worker thread 
       
        Console.WriteLine (e.Argument);         
        // writes "Message to worker" 
       
        // Perform time-consuming task... 
       
        }

RunWorkerAsync方法将参数总是传递给DoWork方法。同时在DoWork方法执行完毕之后，有一个RunWorkerCompleted事件，来处理执行完毕之后的动作。支持进度报告：需要设置 WorkerReportsProgress 属性为true，同时周期性的在DoWork中调用 ReportProgress 方法，然后还要处理 ProgressChanged 事件，通过它的事件参数的属性 ProgressPercentage来实现。ProgressChanged事件中的代码可以自由的与UI控件进行交互，对更新进度条尤为有用。支持退出报告：设置WorkerSupportsCancellation属性为true；在DoWork中周期地检查CancellationPending属性：如果为true，就设置事件参数的Cancel属性为true，然后返回。（工作线程可能会设置Cancel为true，并且不通过CancellationPending进行提示——如果判定工作太过困难并且它不能继续运行）；调用CancelAsync来请求退出

2、使用BackgroundWorker实现子类

这个类不是密封类，当写一个很耗时的方法时，使用一个返回BackgroundWorker子类的方法来实现，预配置完成异步的工作，只要处理RunWorkerCompleted事件和ProgressChanged事件。

三、定时器

周期性的执行某个方法最简单的方法就是使用一个计时器，比如System.Threading 命名空间下Timer类。线程计时器利用了线程池，允许多个计时器被创建而没有额外的线程开销。 Timer 算是相当简易的类，它有一个构造器和两个方法（这对于极简主义者来说是最高兴不过的了）。

 
   ? 
  
        public 
         sealed  
        class 
        Timer : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable 
       
        { 
       
        public 
        Timer (TimerCallback tick, object state, 1st, subsequent); 
       
        public 
        bool Change (1st, subsequent);    
        // To change the interval 
       
        public 
        void 
        Dispose();                 
        // To kill the timer 
       
        } 
       
        1st = time to the first tick in milliseconds or a TimeSpan 
       
        subsequent = subsequent intervals in milliseconds or a TimeSpan 
       
        (use Timeout.Infinite  
        for 
        a one-off callback)

接下来这个例子，计时器5秒钟之后调用了Tick 的方法，它写"tick..."，然后每秒写一个，直到用户敲 Enter：

 
   ? 
  
        using System; 
       
        using System.Threading; 
       
        class 
         Program { 
       
        static 
        void 
        Main() { 
       
        Timer tmr =  
        new 
        Timer (Tick,  
        "tick..." 
        ,  
        5000 
        ,  
        1000 
        ); 
       
        Console.ReadLine(); 
       
        tmr.Dispose();          
        // End the timer 
       
        } 
       
        static 
        void 
        Tick (object data) { 
       
        // This runs on a pooled thread 
       
        Console.WriteLine (data);           
        // Writes "tick..." 
       
        } 
       
        }

.NET framework在System.Timers命名空间下提供了另一个计时器类。它完全包装自System.Threading.Timer，在使用相同的线程池时提供了额外的便利——相同的底层引擎。下面是增加的特性的摘要：

实现了Component，允许它被放置到Visual Studio设计器中
Interval属性代替了Change方法
Elapsed 事件代替了callback委托
Enabled属性开始或暂停计时器
提够Start 和 Stop方法，万一对Enabled感到迷惑

AutoReset标志来指示是否循环（默认为true）

例子:

using System;

using System.Timers; // Timers namespace rather than Threading

class SystemTimer {

static void Main() {

Timer tmr = new Timer(); // Doesn't require any args

tmr.Interval = 500;

tmr.Elapsed += tmr_Elapsed; // Uses an event instead of a delegate

tmr.Start(); // Start the timer

Console.ReadLine();

tmr.Stop(); // Pause the timer

Console.ReadLine();

tmr.Start(); // Resume the timer

Console.ReadLine();

tmr.Dispose(); // Permanently stop the timer

}

static void tmr_Elapsed (object sender, EventArgs e) {

Console.WriteLine ("Tick");

}

.NET framework 还提供了第三个计时器——在System.Windows.Forms 命名空间下。虽然类似于System.Timers.Timer 的接口，但功能特性上有根本的不同。一个Windows Forms 计时器不能使用线程池，代替为总是在最初创建它的线程上触发 "Tick"事件。假定这是主线程——负责实例化所有Windows Forms程序中的forms和控件，计时器的事件能够操作forms和控件而不违反线程安全——或者强加单元线程模式。Control.Invoke是不需要的。它实质上是一个单线程timer

Windows Forms计时器必须迅速地执行来更新用户接口。迅速地执行是非常重要的，因为Tick事件被主线程调用，如果它有停顿，将使用户接口变的没有响应。

四、局部存储

每个线程与其它线程数据存储是隔离的，这对于“不相干的区域”的存储是有益的，它支持执行路径的基础结构，如通信，事务和安全令牌。通过方法参数传递这些数据是十分笨拙的。存储这些数据到静态域意味着这些数据可以被所有线程共享。

Thread.GetData从一个线程的隔离数据中读，Thread.SetData 写入数据。两个方法需要一个LocalDataStoreSlot对象来识别内存槽——这包装自一个内存槽的名称的字符串，这个名称你可以跨所有的线程使用，它们将得到不各自的值，看这个例子：

class ... {

// 相同的LocalDataStoreSlot 对象可以用于跨所有线程

LocalDataStoreSlot secSlot = Thread.GetNamedDataSlot ("securityLevel");

// 这个属性每个线程有不同的值

int SecurityLevel {

get {

object data = Thread.GetData (secSlot);

return data == null ? 0 : (int) data; // null == 未初始化

}

set {

Thread.SetData (secSlot, value);

}

Thread.FreeNamedDataSlot将释放给定的数据槽，它跨所有的线程——但只有一次，当所有相同名字LocalDataStoreSlot对象作为垃圾被回收时退出作用域时发生。这确保了线程不得到数据槽从它们的脚底下撤出——也保持了引用适当的使用之中的LocalDataStoreSlot对象。

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