背景
最近遇到一个需求,抽出与本文最相关的,概括大致如下:
- 有三个表,描述某个File Share的文件拓扑:
- User表,记录file owner name(domain\user_name),唯一主键UserId
- Location表,记录folder的父子关系,唯一主键LocationId
- File表,记录文件metadata
- 有些folder以某些user_name为文件夹名,称此类文件夹为user folder
- 若某user folder下有子文件夹,子文件夹也属于此user folder
- 找出所有user folder下的所有file
解决逻辑:
- 找出所有的user_name(Table_UFName)
- 根据user name列表,找出对应的user folder(Table_UFLocation)
- 递归找出所有的user folder(包括所有的子文件夹,Table_AllUFLocation)
- 找到所有user folder下的所有file(Table_AllUFFile)
找个自己拿手的语言,把数据从表中取出来,然后照上面的逻辑来做,这样比较简单,但为了学习和练手,就拿Transact-SQL来写实现。上面四步中,每步的输出都是一个table。
START
1. Table_UFName
对于此表,首先,需要写个String Split方法,能够截取出来“\”后面的user_name;然后对于User表中每个user,都执行该Split方法,结果写入此表。
自定义SQL function
我们需要创建一个新的自定义SQL Function。SQL function细节很多,此处不展开,有需求看前链接。此function的输入是一个String,一个Char,调用的时候指定index(取截取出来的String list中的第几个)
-- CREATE SPLITSTRING FUNCTION
IF EXISTS
(
SELECT *
FROM SYS.OBJECTS
WHERE OBJECT_ID = OBJECT_ID(N'[dbo].[SplitString]')
AND TYPE IN ( N'FN', N'IF', N'TF', N'FS', N'FT' )
)
DROP FUNCTION [dbo].[SplitString]
GO
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[SplitString]
(
@str NVARCHAR(MAX),
@separator CHAR(1)
)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN (
WITH tokens(p, a, b) AS (
SELECT
CAST(1 AS BIGINT),
CAST(1 AS BIGINT),
CHARINDEX(@separator, @str)
UNION ALL
SELECT
p + 1,
b + 1,
CHARINDEX(@separator, @str, b + 1)
FROM tokens
WHERE b > 0
)
SELECT
p-1 ItemIndex,
SUBSTRING(
@str,
a,
CASE WHEN b > 0 THEN b-a ELSE LEN(@str) END)
AS Item
FROM tokens
);
GO
使用方法如下
SELECT Item FROM [dbo].[SplitString]('XIAOF.com\Shawn','\') WHERE ItemIndex = 1
返回的是
Shawn
T-SQL while循环
对每个user name执行SplitString方法,结果输出到一个表中,该表就是Table_UFName(代码中就是临时表 @Table_UFName)。(感觉T-SQL的循环应该有更简单的写法,这里暂时不纠结)
DECLARE @userid INT
DECLARE @maxuserid INT
DECLARE @username NVARCHAR(260)
DECLARE @userfoldername NVARCHAR(260)
DECLARE @Table_UFName TABLE (UserFolderName NVARCHAR(260))
SELECT @userid = MIN(UserId) FROM [dbo].[User]
SELECT @maxuserid = MAX(UserId) FROM [dbo].[User]
-- FIND USER PROFILE FOLDER NAMES FROM SPLITTING USER NAMES
WHILE(@userid <= @maxuserid)
BEGIN
SELECT @username = [UserName] FROM [dbo].[User] WHERE [UserId] = @userid
SELECT @userfoldername = Item FROM [dbo].[SplitString](@username,'\') WHERE ItemIndex = 1
INSERT INTO @Table_UFName ([UserFolderName]) VALUES
(@userfoldername)
SET @userid = @userid + 1
END
2. Table_UFLocation
此表比较简单,就是根据Table_UFName表,取出所有的root user folder(root user folder指那些文件夹名直接就在Table_UFName中的那些folder,不包含其中的子文件夹),写入Table_UFLocation
-- FIND USER FOLDER LOCATIONS
IF EXISTS (SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE name = 'Table_UFLocation' AND TYPE = 'U')
BEGIN
DROP TABLE [dbo].[Table_UFLocation]
END
--BEGIN
SELECT IDENTITY(INT, 1, 1) AS [LocId], [LocationId], [ParentId], [FolderName], [Level] INTO [dbo].[Table_UFLocation]
FROM [dbo].[Location]
WHERE [FolderName] IN (SELECT UserFolderName FROM @Table_UFName)
--END
GO
NOTE
因为上面保存Table_UFName的时候,用的是临时表,所以,这里正好也能体现BEGIN-END和GO的区别(就是上面代码块中被注释了的BEGIN-END,可以自行comment GO,uncomment BEGIN-END,看看有什么效果)
3. Table_AllUFLocation
这里需要用到递归,对每个根user folder,找到其所有sub folder
T-SQL的递归查询
这里就需要提到CTE(common table expression)。
A common table expression (CTE) can be thought of as a temporary result set that is defined within the execution scope of a single SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or CREATE VIEW statement. A CTE is similar to a derived table in that it is not stored as an object and lasts only for the duration of the query. Unlike a derived table, a CTE can be self-referencing and can be referenced multiple times in the same query.
最重要的,就是这个self-referencing
,确保CTE能够较简单地支持使用递归查询。下面就是使用CTE实现递归查询的T-SQL(line 25~37)。创建Table_UFAllLocation,然后依次对每个root user folder执行递归查询,找到所有的子user folder,并插入Table_UFAllLocation
DECLARE @maxlocid INT
DECLARE @locid INT
DECLARE @id INT
SELECT @maxlocid = MAX(LocId) FROM [dbo].[Table_UFLocation]
SELECT @locid = MIN(LocId) FROM [dbo].[Table_UFLocation]
IF EXISTS (SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE name = 'Table_AllUFLocation' AND TYPE = 'U')
BEGIN
DROP TABLE [dbo].[Table_AllUFLocation]
END
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Table_AllUFLocation]
(
[LocationId] INT NOT NULL,
[ParentId] INT NOT NULL,
[FolderName] NVARCHAR(260) NOT NULL,
[Level] INT NOT NULL,
[UF_Tag] NVARCHAR(260) NOT NULL
);
-- FIND ALL FOLDERS IN USER ROOT FOLDERS
WHILE(@locid <= @maxlocid)
BEGIN
SELECT @id = LocationId FROM Table_UFLocation WHERE LocId = @locid
;WITH allloc AS
(
SELECT loc.[LocationId], loc.[ParentId], loc.[FolderName], loc.[Level], ufloc.[FolderName] AS [UF_Tag]
FROM [dbo].[Location] AS loc
INNER JOIN [dbo].[Table_UFLocation] AS ufloc ON loc.[LocationId] = ufloc.[LocationId]
WHERE loc.[LocationId] = @id
UNION ALL
SELECT loc.[LocationId], loc.[ParentId], loc.[FolderName], loc.[Level], allloc.[UF_Tag]
FROM [dbo].[Location] AS loc
JOIN allloc ON loc.[ParentId] = allloc.[LocationId]
)
INSERT INTO [dbo].[Table_AllUFLocation]
SELECT * FROM allloc
SET @locid = @locid + 1
END
GO
4. Table_AllUFFile
这步就是简单的query了,找到所有user folder下的所有file,写入Table_AllUFFile
IF EXISTS (SELECT OBJECT_ID FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE name = 'Table_AllUFFile' AND TYPE = 'U')
BEGIN
DROP TABLE [dbo].[Table_AllUFFile]
END
SELECT fi.[FileId], fi.[FileName], fi.[Location], upfallloc.[UF_Tag] INTO [dbo].[Table_AllUFFile]
FROM [dbo].[File] AS fi
INNER JOIN [dbo].[Table_AllUFLocation] AS upfallloc ON fi.[Location] = upfallloc.[LocationId]
WHERE fi.[Location] IN
(
SELECT DISTINCT [LocationId] FROM [dbo].[Table_AllUFLocation]
)
FINISH
关于BEGIN-END与GO的区别,这里可以补充说一下,通过以下code能看得很清楚:
- BEGIN-END代表的是代码块的分隔符,意义在于分隔,就像是其他编程语言里面的花括号一样。必须配对,有BEGIN就要有对应的END,例如下面的code是错误的,会报
Incorrect syntax near '@string_test'.
(就像没有写反花括号一样)
DECLARE @string_test nvarchar(100)
SET @string_test = 'A'
BEGIN
PRINT @string_test
- GO不仅仅代表代码块的形式上的分隔,更有含义上的分隔,就像是function的概念。若干个GO之间的代码块与代码块之间,在code执行的过程中,是没有关系的,这样的code是正确的
DECLARE @string_test1 nvarchar(100)
SET @string_test1 = 'A'
BEGIN
PRINT @string_test1
END
GO
DECLARE @string_test2 nvarchar(100)
SET @string_test2 = 'B'
BEGIN
PRINT @string_test2
END
GO
而这样的code就有误,报Must declare the scalar variable "@string_test".
DECLARE @string_test nvarchar(100)
SET @string_test = 'A'
BEGIN
PRINT @string_test
END
GO
SET @string_test = 'B'
BEGIN
PRINT @string_test
END
GO
因为@string_test的作用域是第一个GO之前,就像是一个function中定义的变量,出了这个function就无效了
— 在这里下载以上完整测试代码 —
总结
- T-SQL自定义函数。
- T-SQL实现字符串截取的函数
- BEGIN-END与GO的区别
- 使用T-SQL CTE实现递归查询
- 实现博客零的突破,finally……