本文介绍了如何使用Python的HTTPServer库创建一个简单的Web服务器，支持GET和POST方法，并集成数据库操作，包括创建、编辑和删除餐厅。通过CGI解析表单数据，展示了RESTful API的基本应用。
build a web server
protocols
TCP (transimission control protocol): 服务端将信息分成packages，通过网络与客户端进行传播。当一个包丢失后，服务端可以重新发送。
UDP: User Datagram Protocol更适用于传输流媒体的信息（audio & video）
DNS: domain name service. 用户输入www.baidu.com后，dns帮助转化网址为对应的ip地址。
http
get 和 post属于比较常用的方式
get: 客户端想要从服务器下载资源： 读操作
post: 客户端想要更改服务器中的一些信息： update, delete, insert (当然也可以read)
服务端对于客户端的请求予以回应：已状态码(status code)的方式进行回应
以下为python3代码：
from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
class WebServerHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
if self.path.endswith("/hello"):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
message = b""
message += b"<html><body>Hello!</body></html>"
self.wfile.write(message)
print(message)
return
else:
self.send_error(404, 'File Not Found: %s' % self.path)
def main():
try:
port = 8080
server = HTTPServer(('', port), WebServerHandler)
print("Web Server running on port %s" % port)
server.serve_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt: # ctr-Z
print(" ^C entered, stopping web server....")
server.socket.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
python 3.9 post 方式
from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
import cgi
class WebServerHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
if self.path.endswith("/hello"):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
message = b""
message += b"<html><body>Hello!"
message += b"<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/hello'><h2>what would you like to say?</h2><input name='message' type='text'><input type='submit' value='Submit'></form>"
message += b"</body></html>"
self.wfile.write(message)
print(message)
return
else:
self.send_error(404, 'File Not Found: %s' % self.path)
def do_POST(self):
self.send_response(301)
#self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
print('2----------------')
print(self.headers)
print(self.headers.__dict__)
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
message_content = fields.get('message')
print(message_content)
output = b"<html><body><h2>OK,how about this:</h2>"
output += ("<h1> %s </h1>" % message_content[0]).encode('ascii')
print('2----------------')
output += b"<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/hello'><h2>what would you like to say?</h2><input name='message' type='text'><input type='submit' value='Submit'></form>"
output += b'</html></body>'
self.wfile.write(output)
print('3----------------')
print(message)
return
def main():
try:
port = 8080
server = HTTPServer(('', port), WebServerHandler)
print("Web Server running on port %s" % port)
server.serve_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt: # ctr-Z
print(" ^C entered, stopping web server....")
server.socket.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
import cgi
Base = declarative_base()
class Restaurant(Base):
__tablename__ = 'restaurant'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(250), nullable=False)
class MenuItem(Base):
__tablename__ = 'menu_item'
name =Column(String(80), nullable = False)
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True)
description = Column(String(250))
price = Column(String(8))
course = Column(String(250))
restaurant_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('restaurant.id'))
restaurant = relationship(Restaurant)
#We added this serialize function to be able to send JSON objects in a serializable format
@property
def serialize(self):
return {'name' : self.name,
'description' : self.description,
'id' : self.id,
'price' : self.price,
'course' : self.course}
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///restaurantmenu.db')
# Bind the engine to the metadata of the Base class so that the
# declaratives can be accessed through a DBSession instance
Base.metadata.bind = engine
DBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# A DBSession() instance establishes all conversations with the database
# and represents a "staging zone" for all the objects loaded into the
# database session object. Any change made against the objects in the
# session won't be persisted into the database until you call
# session.commit(). If you're not happy about the changes, you can
# revert all of them back to the last commit by calling
# session.rollback()
session = DBSession()
class WebServerHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
if self.path.endswith("/hello"):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
message = b""
message += b"<html><body>Hello!"
message += b"<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/hello'><h2>what would you like to say?</h2><input name='message' type='text'><input type='submit' value='Submit'></form>"
message += b"</body></html>"
self.wfile.write(message)
print(message)
return
elif self.path.endswith('/restaurants'):
print(self.path)
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
msg_list = ["<html><body><h1><a href='/restaurants/new'>Create a new Restaurant</a></h1><h1>Hello! All restaurants are listed below: </h1>"]
restaurants = session.query(Restaurant).all()
for rstrnt in restaurants:
msg_list.append('<br>')
msg_list.append('------------------------------')
msg_list.append('<h2> {} </h2>'.format(rstrnt.name))
msg_list.append("<a href='/restaurants/{}/edit'>Edit</a>".format(rstrnt.id))
msg_list.append(" ")
msg_list.append("<a href='/restaurants/{}/delete'>Delete</a>".format(rstrnt.id))
msg_list.append('<br>')
msg_list.append('------------------------------')
msg_list.append('</body></html>')
msg = ''.join(msg_list).encode('ascii')
self.wfile.write(msg)
print(msg)
return
elif self.path.endswith('/restaurants/new'):
print(self.path)
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
msg_list = ['<html><body><h1>Hello! Please enter the name of the restaurant you wanna add: </h1>']
msg_list.append("<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/restaurants/new'><input name='restaurantName' type='text' placeholder = 'New Restaurant Name'><input type='submit' value='Create'></form>")
msg_list.append("</body></html>")
msg = ''.join(msg_list).encode('ascii')
self.wfile.write(msg)
print(msg)
return
elif self.path.endswith('/edit'):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
vals = self.path.split('/')
try:
restaurant_id = int(vals[-2])
restaurant = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurant_id).first()
restaurant_name = restaurant.name
except:
self.wfile.write(b"you come to a wrong page")
return
msg_list = ['<html><body><h1>Hello! Please change type the new name of Restaurant {}: </h1>'.format(restaurant_name)]
msg_list.append("<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/restaurants/{}/edit'><input name='restaurantName' type='text' placeholder = 'New Restaurant Name'><input type='submit' value='Change'></form>".format(restaurant.id))
self.wfile.write("".join(msg_list).encode('ascii'))
return
elif self.path.endswith("/delete"):
restaurantIDPath = self.path.split("/")[2]
myRestaurantQuery = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(
id=restaurantIDPath).one()
if myRestaurantQuery:
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
output = ""
output += "<html><body>"
output += "<h1>Are you sure you want to delete %s?" % myRestaurantQuery.name
output += "<form method='POST' enctype = 'multipart/form-data' action = '/restaurants/%s/delete'>" % restaurantIDPath
output += "<input type = 'submit' value = 'Delete'>"
output += "</form>"
output += "</body></html>"
self.wfile.write(output.encode('ascii'))
else:
self.send_error(404, 'File Not Found: %s' % self.path)
def do_POST(self):
if self.path.endswith('/restaurants/new'):
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
restaurant_name_list = fields.get('restaurantName')
restaurant = Restaurant(name=restaurant_name_list[0])
session.add(restaurant)
session.commit()
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.send_header('Location', '/restaurants') # 跳转目标地址
self.end_headers()
return
elif self.path.endswith('/edit'):
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
restaurant_name_list = fields.get('restaurantName')
vals = self.path.split('/')
try:
restaurant_id = int(vals[-2])
restaurant = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurant_id).first()
restaurant.name = restaurant_name_list[0]
session.add(restaurant)
session.commit()
except:
self.wfile.write(b"you come to a wrong page")
return
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.send_header('Location', '/restaurants') # 跳转目标地址
self.end_headers()
return
elif self.path.endswith("/delete"):
restaurantIDPath = self.path.split("/")[2]
myRestaurantQuery = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurantIDPath).first()
if myRestaurantQuery:
session.delete(myRestaurantQuery)
session.commit()
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.send_header('Location', '/restaurants')
self.end_headers()
return
elif self.path.endswith('/hello'):
self.send_response(301)
#self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
print('2----------------')
print(self.headers)
print(self.headers.__dict__)
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
message_content = fields.get('message')
print(message_content)
output = b"<html><body><h2>OK,how about this:</h2>"
output += ("<h1> %s </h1>" % message_content[0]).encode('ascii')
print('2----------------')
output += b"<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/hello'><h2>what would you like to say?</h2><input name='message' type='text'><input type='submit' value='Submit'></form>"
output += b'</html></body>'
self.wfile.write(output)
print('3----------------')
print(output)
return
def main():
try:
port = 8080
server = HTTPServer(('', port), WebServerHandler)
print("Web Server running on port %s" % port)
server.serve_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt: # ctr-Z
print(" ^C entered, stopping web server....")
server.socket.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
import cgi
Base = declarative_base()
class Restaurant(Base):
__tablename__ = 'restaurant'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(250), nullable=False)
class MenuItem(Base):
__tablename__ = 'menu_item'
name =Column(String(80), nullable = False)
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True)
description = Column(String(250))
price = Column(String(8))
course = Column(String(250))
restaurant_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('restaurant.id'))
restaurant = relationship(Restaurant)
#We added this serialize function to be able to send JSON objects in a serializable format
@property
def serialize(self):
return {'name' : self.name,
'description' : self.description,
'id' : self.id,
'price' : self.price,
'course' : self.course}
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///restaurantmenu.db')
# Bind the engine to the metadata of the Base class so that the
# declaratives can be accessed through a DBSession instance
Base.metadata.bind = engine
DBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# A DBSession() instance establishes all conversations with the database
# and represents a "staging zone" for all the objects loaded into the
# database session object. Any change made against the objects in the
# session won't be persisted into the database until you call
# session.commit(). If you're not happy about the changes, you can
# revert all of them back to the last commit by calling
# session.rollback()
session = DBSession()
class WebServerHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
if self.path.endswith("/hello"):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
message = b""
message += b"<html><body>Hello!"
message += b"<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/hello'><h2>what would you like to say?</h2><input name='message' type='text'><input type='submit' value='Submit'></form>"
message += b"</body></html>"
self.wfile.write(message)
print(message)
return
elif self.path.endswith('/restaurants'):
print(self.path)
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
msg_list = ["<html><body><h1><a href='/restaurants/new'>Create a new Restaurant</a></h1><h1>Hello! All restaurants are listed below: </h1>"]
restaurants = session.query(Restaurant).all()
for rstrnt in restaurants:
msg_list.append('<br>')
msg_list.append('------------------------------')
msg_list.append('<h2> {} </h2>'.format(rstrnt.name))
msg_list.append("<a href='/restaurants/{}/edit'>Edit</a>".format(rstrnt.id))
msg_list.append(" ")
msg_list.append("<a href='/restaurants/{}/delete'>Delete</a>".format(rstrnt.id))
msg_list.append('<br>')
msg_list.append('------------------------------')
msg_list.append('</body></html>')
msg = ''.join(msg_list).encode('ascii')
self.wfile.write(msg)
print(msg)
return
elif self.path.endswith('/restaurants/new'):
print(self.path)
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
msg_list = ['<html><body><h1>Hello! Please enter the name of the restaurant you wanna add: </h1>']
msg_list.append("<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/restaurants/new'><input name='restaurantName' type='text' placeholder = 'New Restaurant Name'><input type='submit' value='Create'></form>")
msg_list.append("</body></html>")
msg = ''.join(msg_list).encode('ascii')
self.wfile.write(msg)
print(msg)
return
elif self.path.endswith('/edit'):
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
vals = self.path.split('/')
try:
restaurant_id = int(vals[-2])
restaurant = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurant_id).first()
restaurant_name = restaurant.name
except:
self.wfile.write(b"you come to a wrong page")
return
msg_list = ['<html><body><h1>Hello! Please change type the new name of Restaurant {}: </h1>'.format(restaurant_name)]
msg_list.append("<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/restaurants/{}/edit'><input name='restaurantName' type='text' placeholder = 'New Restaurant Name'><input type='submit' value='Change'></form>".format(restaurant.id))
self.wfile.write("".join(msg_list).encode('ascii'))
return
elif self.path.endswith("/delete"):
restaurantIDPath = self.path.split("/")[2]
myRestaurantQuery = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurantIDPath).first()
if myRestaurantQuery:
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
output = ""
output += "<html><body>"
output += "<h1>Are you sure you want to delete %s?" % myRestaurantQuery.name
output += "<form method='POST' enctype = 'multipart/form-data' action = '/restaurants/%s/delete'>" % restaurantIDPath
output += "<input type = 'submit' value = 'Delete'>"
output += "</form>"
output += "</body></html>"
self.wfile.write(output.encode('ascii'))
else:
self.wfile.write(b"you come to a wrong page")
else:
self.send_error(404, 'File Not Found: %s' % self.path)
def do_POST(self):
if self.path.endswith('/restaurants/new'):
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
restaurant_name_list = fields.get('restaurantName')
restaurant = Restaurant(name=restaurant_name_list[0])
session.add(restaurant)
session.commit()
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.send_header('Location', '/restaurants') # 跳转目标地址
self.end_headers()
return
elif self.path.endswith('/edit'):
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
restaurant_name_list = fields.get('restaurantName')
vals = self.path.split('/')
try:
restaurant_id = int(vals[-2])
restaurant = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurant_id).first()
restaurant.name = restaurant_name_list[0]
session.add(restaurant)
session.commit()
except:
self.wfile.write(b"you come to a wrong page")
return
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.send_header('Location', '/restaurants') # 跳转目标地址
self.end_headers()
return
elif self.path.endswith("/delete"):
restaurantIDPath = self.path.split("/")[2]
myRestaurantQuery = session.query(Restaurant).filter_by(id=restaurantIDPath).first()
if myRestaurantQuery:
session.delete(myRestaurantQuery)
session.commit()
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.send_header('Location', '/restaurants')
self.end_headers()
else:
self.wfile.write(b"you come to a wrong page")
self.send_response(301)
self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
return
elif self.path.endswith('/hello'):
self.send_response(301)
#self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
self.end_headers()
print('2----------------')
print(self.headers)
print(self.headers.__dict__)
ctype, pdict = cgi.parse_header(self.headers.get('content-type'))
if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
pdict['boundary'] = pdict['boundary'].encode('ascii')
fields = cgi.parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
message_content = fields.get('message')
print(message_content)
output = b"<html><body><h2>OK,how about this:</h2>"
output += ("<h1> %s </h1>" % message_content[0]).encode('ascii')
print('2----------------')
output += b"<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data' action='/hello'><h2>what would you like to say?</h2><input name='message' type='text'><input type='submit' value='Submit'></form>"
output += b'</html></body>'
self.wfile.write(output)
print('3----------------')
print(output)
return
def main():
try:
port = 8080
server = HTTPServer(('', port), WebServerHandler)
print("Web Server running on port %s" % port)
server.serve_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt: # ctr-Z
print(" ^C entered, stopping web server....")
server.socket.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
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