比较并交换CAS

CAS包含了3个操作数—需要读写的内存位置V、进行比较的值A和拟写入的新值B。当且仅当V的值等于A时，CAS才会通过原子方式用新值B来更新V的值，否则不会执行任何操作。无论位置V的值是否等于A，都将返回V原有的值。

CAS的含义是：“我认为V的值应该为A，如果是，那么将V的值更新为B，否则不修改并告诉V的值实际是多少。”

@ThreadSafe
public class SimulatedCAS {
    @GuardedBy("this") private int value;

    public synchronized int get() {
        return value;
    }

    public synchronized int compareAndSwap(int expectedValue,
                                           int newValue) {
        int oldValue = value;
        if (oldValue == expectedValue)
            value = newValue;
        return oldValue;
    }

    public synchronized boolean compareAndSet(int expectedValue,
                                              int newValue) {
        return (expectedValue
                == compareAndSwap(expectedValue, newValue));
    }
}

@ThreadSafe
public class CasCounter {
    private SimulatedCAS value;

    public int getValue() {
        return value.get();
    }

    public int increment() {
        int v;
        do {
            v = value.get();
        } while (v != value.compareAndSwap(v, v + 1));
        return v + 1;
    }
}

@ThreadSafe
public class CasNumberRange {
    @Immutable
    private static class IntPair {
        // INVARIANT: lower <= upper
        final int lower;
        final int upper;

        public IntPair(int lower, int upper) {
            this.lower = lower;
            this.upper = upper;
        }
    }

    private final AtomicReference<IntPair> values =
            new AtomicReference<IntPair>(new IntPair(0, 0));

    public int getLower() {
        return values.get().lower;
    }

    public int getUpper() {
        return values.get().upper;
    }

    public void setLower(int i) {
        while (true) {
            IntPair oldv = values.get();
            if (i > oldv.upper)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't set lower to " + i + " > upper");
            IntPair newv = new IntPair(i, oldv.upper);
            if (values.compareAndSet(oldv, newv))
                return;
        }
    }

    public void setUpper(int i) {
        while (true) {
            IntPair oldv = values.get();
            if (i < oldv.lower)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't set upper to " + i + " < lower");
            IntPair newv = new IntPair(oldv.lower, i);
            if (values.compareAndSet(oldv, newv))
                return;
        }
    }
}