HashMap与HashTable

A.HashMap不加synchronized，Hashtable加synchronized

B.HashMap允许Key和Value为null，而Hashtable不允许

C.由于synchronized原因，HashMap效率比Hashtable高，但是Hashtable比HashMap安全

我们来分析一下源码：

1.HashMap

2.HashTable

    /**
     * The hash table.
     */
    private transient HashtableEntry<K, V>[] table;

一个HashtableEntry的数组。

 /**
     * Note: technically the methods of this class should synchronize the
     * backing map.  However, this would require them to have a reference
     * to it, which would cause considerable bloat.  Moreover, the RI
     * behaves the same way.
     */
    private static class HashtableEntry<K, V> implements Entry<K, V> {
        final K key;
        V value;
        final int hash;
        HashtableEntry<K, V> next;

        HashtableEntry(K key, V value, int hash, HashtableEntry<K, V> next) {
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
            this.hash = hash;
            this.next = next;
        }

        public final K getKey() {
            return key;
        }

        public final V getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public final V setValue(V value) {
            if (value == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException("value == null");
            }
            V oldValue = this.value;
            this.value = value;
            return oldValue;
        }

        @Override public final boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Entry)) {
                return false;
            }
            Entry<?, ?> e = (Entry<?, ?>) o;
            return key.equals(e.getKey()) && value.equals(e.getValue());
        }

        @Override public final int hashCode() {
            return key.hashCode() ^ value.hashCode();
        }

        @Override public final String toString() {
            return key + "=" + value;
        }
    }

这个HashtableEntry有个next指针指向下一个结点，看起来像个链表。

    /**
     * Constructs a new {@code Hashtable} using the default capacity and load
     * factor.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Hashtable() {
        table = (HashtableEntry<K, V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
        threshold = -1; // Forces first put invocation to replace EMPTY_TABLE
    }

构造函数中对链表进行初始化。

    /**
     * Associate the specified value with the specified key in this
     * {@code Hashtable}. If the key already exists, the old value is replaced.
     * The key and value cannot be null.
     *
     * @param key
     *            the key to add.
     * @param value
     *            the value to add.
     * @return the old value associated with the specified key, or {@code null}
     *         if the key did not exist.
     * @see #elements
     * @see #get
     * @see #keys
     * @see java.lang.Object#equals
     */
    public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
        if (key == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("key == null");
        } else if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("value == null");
        }
        int hash = Collections.secondaryHash(key);
        HashtableEntry<K, V>[] tab = table;
        int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
        HashtableEntry<K, V> first = tab[index];
        for (HashtableEntry<K, V> e = first; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.hash == hash && key.equals(e.key)) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

        // No entry for key is present; create one
        modCount++;
        if (size++ > threshold) {
            rehash();  // Does nothing!!
            tab = doubleCapacity();
            index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
            first = tab[index];
        }
        tab[index] = new HashtableEntry<K, V>(key, value, hash, first);
        return null;
    }

添加数据时加锁。而HashMap是不加锁的。首先通过next指针判断链表中是否已经存在该元素，如果存在，则更新为新的元素。然后如果链表中没有该元素，则添加到链表的某一位置。这个既是数组又是链表的数据结构结合了查找和插入/删除的优点。其中的hash函数需要了解了解。