我们知道,erlang实现的网络服务器性能非常高。erlang的高效不在于短短几行代码就能写出一个服务端程序,而在于不用太多代码,也能够写出一个高效的服务端程序。而这一切的背后就是erlang对很多网络操作实现了近乎完美的封装,使得我们受益其中。文章将讨论erlang gen_tcp 数据连包问题及erlang的解决方案。
数据连包问题,这个在client/server的通讯中很常见。就是,当client在极短的时间内发送多个包给server,这时server在接收数据的时候可能发生连包问题,就一次性接收这几个包的数据,导致数据都粘连在一起。
这里先讨论{packet,raw}或者{packet,0}的情况,分别看下{active, Boolean}的两种方式:
gen_tcp对socket数据封包的获取有以下2种方式,
1、{active, false} 方式通过 gen_tcp:recv(Socket, Length) -> {ok, Data} | {error, Reason}来接收。
2、{active, true} 方式以消息形式{tcp, Socket, Data} |{tcp_closed, Socket} 主动投递给线程。
对于第一种方式 gen_tcp:recv/2,3,如果封包的类型是{packet,raw}或者{packet,0},就需要显式的指定长度,否则封包的长度是对端决定的,长度只能设置为0。如果长度Length设置为0,gen_tcp:recv/2,3会取出Socket接收缓冲区所有的数据
对于第二种方式,缓存区有多少数据,都会全部以消息{tcp, Socket, Data}投递给线程。
以上就会导致数据连包问题,那么如何解决呢?
{packet, PacketType}
现在再来看下 {packet, PacketType},erlang的解释如下:
{packet, PacketType}(TCP/IP sockets) Defines the type of packets to use for a socket. The following values are valid: raw | 0 No packaging is done. 1 | 2 | 4 Packets consist of a header specifying the number of bytes in the packet, followed by that number of bytes. The length of header can be one, two, or four bytes; containing an unsigned integer in big-endian byte order. Each send operation will generate the header, and the header will be stripped off on each receive operation. In current implementation the 4-byte header is limited to 2Gb. asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi |tpkt |line These packet types only have effect on receiving. When sending a packet, it is the responsibility of the application to supply a correct header. On receiving, however, there will be one message sent to the controlling process for each complete packet received, and, similarly, each call to gen_tcp:recv/2,3 returns one complete packet. The header is not stripped off. The meanings of the packet types are as follows: asn1 - ASN.1 BER, sunrm - Sun's RPC encoding, cdr - CORBA (GIOP 1.1), fcgi - Fast CGI, tpkt - TPKT format [RFC1006], line - Line mode, a packet is a line terminated with newline, lines longer than the receive buffer are truncated. http | http_bin The Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The packets are returned with the format according to HttpPacket described in erlang:decode_packet/3. A socket in passive mode will return {ok, HttpPacket} from gen_tcp:recv while an active socket will send messages like {http, Socket, HttpPacket}. httph | httph_bin These two types are often not needed as the socket will automatically switch from http/http_bin to httph/httph_bin internally after the first line has been read. There might be occasions however when they are useful, such as parsing trailers from chunked encoding. |
packet大致意义如下:
raw | 0 没有封包,即不管数据包头,而是根据Length参数接收数据。 1 | 2 | 4 表示包头的长度,分别是1,2,4个字节(2,4以大端字节序,无符号表示),当设置了此参数时,接收到数据后将自动剥离对应长度的头部,只保留Body。 asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi |tpkt|line 设置以上参数时,应用程序将保证数据包头部的正确性,但是在gen_tcp:recv/2,3接收到的数据包中并不剥离头部。 http | http_bin 设置以上参数,收到的数据将被erlang:decode_packet/3格式化,在被动模式下将收到{ok, HttpPacket},主动模式下将收到{http, Socket, HttpPacket}. |
{packet, N}
也就是说,如果packet属性为1,2,4,可以保证server端一次接收的数据包大小。
下面我们以 {packet, 2} 做讨论。
gen_tcp 通信传输的数据将包含两部分:包头+数据。gen_tcp:send/2发送数据时,erlang会计算要发送数据的大小,把大小信息存放到包头中,然后封包发送出去。
所以在接收数据时,要根据包头信息,判断接收数据大小。使用gen_tcp:recv/2,3接收数据时,erlang会自动处理包头,获取封包数据。
下面写了个例子来说明,保存为tcp_test.erl
-module(tcp_test).
-export([
start_server/0,
start_client_unpack/0, start_client_packed/0
]).
-define(PORT, 8888).
-define(PORT2, 8889).
start_server()->
{ok, ListenSocket} = gen_tcp:listen(?PORT, [binary,{active,false}]),
{ok, ListenSocket2} = gen_tcp:listen(?PORT2, [binary,{active,false},{packet,2}]),
spawn(fun() -> accept(ListenSocket) end),
spawn(fun() -> accept(ListenSocket2) end),
receive
_ -> ok
end.
accept(ListenSocket)->
case gen_tcp:accept(ListenSocket) of
{ok, Socket} ->
spawn(fun() -> accept(ListenSocket) end),
loop(Socket);
_ ->
ok
end.
loop(Socket)->
case gen_tcp:recv(Socket,0) of
{ok, Data}->
io:format("received message ~p~n", [Data]),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "receive successful"),
loop(Socket);
{error, Reason}->
io:format("socket error: ~p~n", [Reason])
end.
start_client_unpack()->
{ok,Socket} = gen_tcp:connect({127,0,0,1},?PORT,[binary,{active,false}]),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "1"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "2"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "3"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "4"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "5"),
sleep(1000).
start_client_packed()->
{ok,Socket} = gen_tcp:connect({127,0,0,1},?PORT2,[binary,{active,false},{packet,2}]),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "1"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "2"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "3"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "4"),
gen_tcp:send(Socket, "5"),
sleep(1000).
sleep(Count) ->
receive
after Count ->
ok
end.
运行如下:
C:\>erlc tcp_test.erl
C:\>erl -s tcp_test start_server
Eshell V5.10.2 (abort with ^G)
1> tcp_test:start_client_packed().
received message <<"1">>
received message <<"2">>
received message <<"3">>
received message <<"4">>
received message <<"5">>
ok
2> tcp_test:start_client_unpack().
received message <<"12345">>
ok
字节序
字节序分为两类:Big-Endian和Little-Endian,定义如下:
a) Little-Endian就是低位字节排放在内存的低地址端,高位字节排放在内存的高地址端。
b) Big-Endian就是高位字节排放在内存的低地址端,低位字节排放在内存的高地址端。
其实还有一种网络字节序,为TCP/IP各层协议定义的字节序,为Big-Endian。
packet包头是以大端字节序(big-endian)表示。如果erlang与其他语言,比如C++,就要注意字节序问题了。如果机器的字节序是小端字节序(little-endian),就要做转换。
{packet, 2} :[L1,L0 | Data]
{packet, 4} :[L3,L2,L1,L0 | Data]
如何判断机器的字节序,以C++为例
BOOL IsBigEndian()
{
int a = 0x1234;
char b = *(char *)&a; //通过将int强制类型转换成char单字节,通过判断起始存储位置
if( b == 0x12)
{
return TRUE;
}
return FALSE;
}
如何转换字节序,以C++为例
// 32位字数据
#define LittletoBig32(A) ((( (UINT)(A) & 0xff000000) >> 24) | \
(( (UINT)(A) & 0x00ff0000) >> 8) | \
(( (UINT)(A) & 0x0000ff00) << 8) | \
(( (UINT)(A) & 0x000000ff) << 24))
// 16位字数据
#define LittletoBig16(A) (( ((USHORT)(A) & 0xff00) >> 8) | \
(( (USHORT)(A) & 0x00ff) << 8))
参考