大杂烩---Step by Step

 "const关键字只被编译器识别。如果编译器识别不到const，它就不会认为是const的。
比如说，char   *s   =   "12345";
其实，12345"为字符串常量，但是如果你这么做：s[0]   =   '0';那么通过编译是肯定的。但是运行时可能就会出现异常。 "

Design pattern (computer science)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Classification

Design patterns can be classified in terms of the underlying problem they solve. Examples of problem-based pattern classifications include:

• Fundamental patterns
  • Delegation pattern: an object outwardly expresses certain behaviour but in reality delegates responsibility
  • Functional design: assures that each modular part of a computer program has only one responsibility and performs that with minimum side effects
  • Interface pattern: method for structuring programs so that they're simpler to understand
  • Proxy pattern: an object functions as an interface to another, typically more complex, object
  • Facade pattern: provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library.
  • Composite pattern: defines Composite object (e.g. a shape) designed as a composition of one-or-more similar objects (other kinds of shapes/geometries), all exhibiting similar functionality. The Composite object then exposes properties and methods for child objects manipulation as if it were a simple object.

• Creational patterns which deal with the creation of objects. Abstract Factory and Factory Method are creation patterns
  • Abstract factory pattern: centralize decision of what factory to instantiate
  • Factory method pattern: centralize creation of an object of a specific type choosing one of several implementations
  • Builder pattern: separate the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations
  • Lazy initialization pattern: tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed
  • Object pool: avoid expensive acquisition and release of resources by recycling objects that are no longer in use
  • Prototype pattern: used when the inherent cost of creating a new object in the standard way (e.g., using the 'new' keyword) is prohibitively expensive for a given application
  • Singleton pattern: restrict instantiation of a class to one object

• Structural patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships between entities. Adapter is a structural pattern
  • Adapter pattern: 'adapts' one interface for a class into one that a client expects
  • Aggregate pattern: a version of the Composite pattern with methods for aggregation of children
  • Bridge pattern: decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently
  • Composite pattern: a tree structure of objects where every object has the same interface
  • Decorator pattern: add additional functionality to a class at runtime where subclassing would result in an exponential rise of new classes
  • Extensibility pattern: aka. Framework - hide complex code behind a simple interface
  • Facade pattern: create a simplified interface of an existing interface to ease usage for common tasks
  • Flyweight pattern: a high quantity of objects share a common properties object to save space
  • Proxy pattern: a class functioning as an interface to another thing
  • Pipes and filters: a chain of processes where the output of each process is the input of the next
  • Private class data pattern: restrict accessor/mutator access

• Behavioral patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns. Interpreter is a behavioral pattern
  • Chain of responsibility pattern: Command objects are handled or passed on to other objects by logic-containing processing objects
  • Command pattern: Command objects encapsulate an action and its parameters
  • Interpreter pattern: Implement a specialized computer language to rapidly solve a specific set of problems
  • Iterator pattern: Iterators are used to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation
  • Mediator pattern: Provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem
  • Memento pattern: Provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (rollback)
  • Null Object pattern: Designed to act as a default value of an object
  • Observer pattern: aka Publish/Subscribe or Event Listener. Objects register to observe an event which may be raised by another object
  • State pattern: A clean way for an object to partially change its type at runtime
  • Strategy pattern: Algorithms can be selected on the fly
  • Specification pattern: Recombinable Business logic in a boolean fashion
  • Template method pattern: Describes the program skeleton of a program
  • Visitor pattern: A way to separate an algorithm from an object
  • Single-serving visitor pattern: Optimise the implementation of a visitor that is allocated, used only once, and then deleted
  • Hierarchical visitor pattern: Provide a way to visit every node in a hierarchical data structure such as a tree.

• Concurrency patterns
  • Active Object
  • Balking pattern
  • Double checked locking pattern
  • Guarded suspension
  • Leaders/followers pattern
  • Monitor Object
  • Read write lock pattern
  • Scheduler pattern
  • Thread pool pattern
  • Thread-Specific Storage
  • Reactor pattern