- http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.txt
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- |Version| IHL |Type of Service| Total Length |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Identification |Flags| Fragment Offset |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Time to Live | Protocol | Header Checksum |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Source Address |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Destination Address |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Options | Padding |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- struct ip
- {
- #if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
- unsigned int ip_hl:4; /* header length */
- unsigned int ip_v:4; /* version */
- #endif
- #if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
- unsigned int ip_v:4; /* version */
- unsigned int ip_hl:4; /* header length */
- #endif
- u_int8_t ip_tos; /* type of service */
- u_short ip_len; /* total length */
- u_short ip_id; /* identification */
- u_short ip_off; /* fragment offset field */
- #define IP_RF 0x8000 /* reserved fragment flag */
- #define IP_DF 0x4000 /* dont fragment flag */
- #define IP_MF 0x2000 /* more fragments flag */
- #define IP_OFFMASK 0x1fff /* mask for fragmenting bits */
- u_int8_t ip_ttl; /* time to live */
- u_int8_t ip_p; /* protocol */
- u_short ip_sum; /* checksum */
- struct in_addr ip_src, ip_dst; /* source and dest address */
- };
TCP/IP教程:http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1180.txt
TCP/IP协议校验和算法:http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1071.txt
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <signal.h>
- #include <arpa/inet.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/socket.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <netinet/in.h>
- #include <netinet/ip.h>
- #inlcude <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
- #include <netdb.h>
- #include <setjmp.h>
- #inlcude <errno.h>
- #define PACKET_SIZE 4096
- #define MAX_WAIT_TIME 5
- #define MAX_NO_PACKETS 3
- char sendpacket[PACKET_SIZE];
- char recvpacket[PACKET_SIZE];
- int datalen = 56;
- int nsend = 0, nreceived = 0;
- int sockfd;
- struct sockaddr_in dest_addr, from;
- struct timeval tvrecv;
- pid_t pid;
- void statistics(int signo);
- unsigned short cal_checksum(unsigned short *addr, int len);
- int pack(int pack_no);
- void send_packet(void);
- void recv_packet(void);
- int unpack(char *buf, int len);
- void tv_sub(struct timeval *out,struct timeval *in);
- void statistics(int signo)
- {
- printf("\n-------------PING statistics---------------\n");
- printf("%d packet transmitted , %d received, %%%d lost\n",nsend, nreceived, \
- (nsend-nreceived)/nsend*100);
- close(sockfd);
- exit(1);
- }
- /*-------校验和算法--------*/
- unsigned short cal_checksum(unsigned short *addr, int len)
- {
- int nleft = len;
- int sum = 0;
- unsigned short *w = addr;
- unsigned short answer = 0;
- /*--将ICMP报头二进制数据以2字节为单位累加--*/
- while(nleft > 1)
- {
- sum += *w++;
- nleft -= 2;
- }
- /*--若ICMP报头为奇数个字节,把最后一个字节最为一个2字节数据的高字节,低字节为0,继续累加--*/
- if( nleft == 1 )
- {
- *(unsigned char *)(&answer) = *(unsigned char *)w;
- sum += answer;
- }
- sum = (sum>>16) + (sum & 0xffff);
- sum += (sum>>16);
- answer = ~sum;
- return answer;
- }
- /*---设置ICMP报头---*/
- int pack(int pack_no)
- {
- int i, packsize;
- struct icmp *icmp;
- struct timeval *tval;
- icmp = (struct icmp*)sendpacket;
- icmp->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
- icmp->icmp_code = 0;
- icmp->icmp_cksum = 0;
- icmp->icmp_seq = pack_no;
- icmp->icmp_id = pid;
- packsize = 8 + datalen;
- tval = (struct timeval *)icmp->icmp_data;
- gettimeofday(tval,NULL);/*记录发送时间*/
- icmp->icmp_cksum = cal_chksum((unsigned short *)icmp, packsize);/*校验算法*/
- return packsize;
- }
- /*---发送三个报文---*/
- void send_packet()
- {
- int packetsize;
- while( nsend < MAX_NO_PACKETS )
- {
- nsend++;
- packetsize = pack(nsend);/*设置ICMP报头*/
- if( sendto(sockfd, sendpacket, packetsize, 0,
- (struct sockaddr *)&dest_addr, sizeof(dest_addr)) < 0 )
- {
- perror("sendto error");
- continue;
- }
- sleep(1); /*每隔一秒发送一个ICMP报文*/
- }
- }
- void recv_packet()
- {
- int n, fromlen;
- extern int errno;
- signal(SIGALRM,statistics);
- fromlen = sizeof(from);
- while(nreceived < nsend)
- {
- alarm(MAX_WAIT_TIME);
- if((n = recvfrom(sockfd, recvpacket, sizeof(recvpacket), 0,
- (struct sockaddr *)&from, &fromlen)) < 0)
- {
- if(errno == EINTR)
- continue;
- perror(recvfrom error");
- continue;
- }
- gettimeofday(&tvrecv,NULL); /*记录接收时间*/
- if(unpack(recvpacket,n) == -1)
- continue;
- nreceived++;
- }
- }
- int unpack(char *buf, int len)
- {
- int i, iphdrlen;
- struct ip *ip;
- struct icmp *icmp;
- struct timeval *tvsend;
- double rtt;
- ip = (struct ip *)buf;
- iphdrlen = ip->ip_hl<<2; /*求ip报头长度,即ip报头的长度标志乘4*/
- icmp = (struct icmp *)(buf + iphdrlen); /*越过ip报头,指向ICMP报头*/
- len -= iphdrlen; /*ICMP报头及ICMP数据报的总长度*/
- if( len < 8 )
- {
- printf("ICMP packet\'s length is less than 8\n");
- return -1;
- }
- /*确保所收到的是我所发的ICMP的回应*/
- if(( icmp->icmp_type == ICMP_ECHOREPLY ) && (icmp->icmp_id == pid))
- {
- tvsend = (struct timeval *)icmp->icmp_data;
- tv_sub(&tvrecv, tvsend); /*接收和发送的时间差*/
- rtt = tvrecv.tv_sec * 1000 + tvrecv.tv_usec / 1000; /*以毫秒为单位计算rtt*/
- /*显示相关信息*/
- printf("%d byte from %s:icmp_seq = %u ttl = %d rtt = %.3f ms\n",
- len,
- inet_ntoa(from.sin_addr),
- icmp->icmp_seq,
- ip->ttl,
- rtt);
- }
- else
- return -1;
- }
- int main(int argc, char *argv[])
- {
- struct hostent *host;
- struct protoent *protocol;
- unsigned long inaddr = 0L;
- int waittime = MAX_WAIT_TIME;
- int size = 50 * 1024;
- if( argc < 2 )
- {
- printf("usage:%s hostname / IP address\n", argv[0]);
- exit(1);
- }
- if((protocol = getprotobyname("icmp")) == NULL)
- {
- perror("getprotobyname");
- exit(1);
- }
- /*生成使用ICMP的原始套接字,这种套接字只有root才能生成*/
- if(( sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, protocol->p_proto)) < 0)
- {
- perror("socket error");
- exit(1);
- }
- /*收回root权限,设置当前用户权限*/
- setuid(getuid());
- /*扩大套接字接收缓冲区到50K,这样做主要为了减小接收缓冲区溢出的
- 可能性,若无意中ping一个广播地址或多播地址,将会引来大量应答*/
- setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &size, sizeof(size));
- bzero(&dest_addr, sizeof(dest_addr));
- dest_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
- /*判断是主机名还是IP地址*/
- if( inaddr = inet_addr(argv[1]) == INADDR_NONE)
- {
- if((host = gethostbyname(argv[1])) == NULL) /*主机名*/
- {
- perror("gethostbyname error");
- exit(1);
- }
- memcpy((char *)&dest_addr.sin_addr, host->h_addr, host->h_length);
- }
- else /*是IP地址*/
- memcpy((char *)&dest_addr, (char *)&inaddr, host->h_length);
- /*获取main的进程id,用于设置ICMP的标志符*/
- pid = getid();
- printf("PING %s(%s):%d bytes data in ICMP packets.\n", argv[1], inet_ntoa(dest_addr.sin_addr),datalen);
- send_packet();
- recv_packet();
- statistics(SIGALRM);
- return 0;
- }
- void tv_sub(struct timeval *out, struct timeval *in)
- {
- if((out->tv_usec -= in->tv_usec) < 0 )
- {
- --out->tv_sec;
- out->tv_usec += 1000000;
- }
- out->tv_sec -= in->tv_sec;
- }
- sudo gcc -o ping ping.c
- sudo chmod u+s ping #目的是把ping程序设置成SUID的属性