菱形继承-1

菱形继承

c++支持多继承，因此可能出现菱形继承。菱形继承是指，派生类B和派生类C同时继承基类A，派生类D又同时继承B和C，代码如下：

#include "iostream"
using namespace std;

class baseClass
{
private:
    int i;
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "baseClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "baseClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    void comm_fun1(){ cout << "baseClass comm_fun1" << endl; }
    void comm_fun2(){ cout << "baseClass comm_fun2" << endl; }
    baseClass() { cout << "tihs is baseClass" << endl; }
    ~baseClass() { cout << "~~ baseClass" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_1 : public baseClass
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_1() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_1" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_1() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_1" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_2 : public baseClass
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_2() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_2" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_2() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_2" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_3 : public inheritClass_1, public inheritClass_2
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_3() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_3" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_3() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_3" << endl; }
};

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    inheritClass_3 a;

    return 0;
}

运行程序，输出如下：

从运行结果来看，基类被构造和析构两次，这显然是不合理的（如果派生类inheritClass_3 的对象要访问baseClass类的成员，则由于baseClass的成员存在两份，导致二义性，程序出错）。
inheritClass_3共占用36字节（36字节容易理解）内存，内存分布如下：

从内存分布中可以看出
1：inheritClass_3继承inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2时，这两个类又继承baseClass，所以才导致inheritClass_3中保存了两份baseClass的成员。
2：inheritClass_1成员在内存中的地址最低，而后是inheritClass_2的成员，最后才是inheritClass_3的成员。

虚继承 -1

如果派生类B和派生类C同时继承基类A，派生类D同时虚继承B和C，能否解决该问题呢？代码如下：

#include "iostream"
using namespace std;

class baseClass
{
private:
    int i;
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "baseClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "baseClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    void comm_fun1(){ cout << "baseClass comm_fun1" << endl; }
    void comm_fun2(){ cout << "baseClass comm_fun2" << endl; }
    baseClass() { cout << "tihs is baseClass" << endl; }
    ~baseClass() { cout << "~~ baseClass" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_1 : public baseClass
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_1() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_1" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_1() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_1" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_2 : public baseClass
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_2() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_2" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_2() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_2" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_3 : public virtual inheritClass_1, public virtual inheritClass_2
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_3() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_3" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_3() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_3" << endl; }
};

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    inheritClass_3 a;

    return 0;
}

问题并没有解决，程序执行结果如下：

inheritClass_3占用48字节内存，内存分布如下：

由于inheritClass_3虚继承inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2，所以inheritClass_3增加了一个vbptr（4字节），同时由于派生类和基类存在同名虚函数，故多出2×４＝８字节的（vtordisp）内存。
下面简单介绍一下vtordisp，参看MSDN“虚继承中派生类重写了基类的虚函数，并且在构造函数或者析构函数中使用指向基类的指针调用了该函数，编译器会为虚基类添加vtordisp域”，所以vtordisp产生条件：
1：派生类重写了虚基类的虚函数。
2：派生类定义了构造函数或者析构函数。
从内存分布中可以看出inheritClass_3虽然同时虚继承inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2，但是inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2在继承baseClass时不是虚继承，从而inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2都包含了一份baseClass，导致inheritClass_3中依旧有两份baseClass。

虚继承-2

由于虚继承-1并不能解决菱形继承的问题，并且从内存分布看inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2各自保留了一份baseClass，那如果inheritClass_1和inheritClass_2都是虚继承baseClass，然后被inheritClass_3继承（非虚继承），是不是就能解决问题呢？代码如下：

#include "iostream"
using namespace std;

class baseClass
{
private:
    int i;
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "baseClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "baseClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    void comm_fun1(){ cout << "baseClass comm_fun1" << endl; }
    void comm_fun2(){ cout << "baseClass comm_fun2" << endl; }
    baseClass() { cout << "tihs is baseClass" << endl; }
    ~baseClass() { cout << "~~ baseClass" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_1 : public virtual baseClass
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_1() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_1" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_1() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_1" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_2 : public virtual baseClass
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_2() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_2" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_2() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_2" << endl; }
};

class inheritClass_3 : public inheritClass_1, public inheritClass_2
{
private:
    char c;
public:
    virtual void virt_fun1(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun1" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun2(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    virtual void virt_fun3(){ cout << "inheritClass virt_fun2" << endl; }
    inheritClass_3() { cout << "tihs is inheritClass_3" << endl; }
    ~inheritClass_3() { cout << "~~ inheritClass_3" << endl; }
};

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    inheritClass_3 a;

    return 0;
}

程序运行结果：

从运行结果看，生成inheritClass_3时，只有一份baseClass，问题解决。
inheritClass_3占用44字节内存，内存分布如下：

inheritClass_1（inheritClass_2）占用28字节，内存分布如下：

从内存分布可以看出：
1：虚继承时基类在内存中的地址比派生类的地址大（基类在派生类下面）
2：普通继承（非虚继承）基类的地址比派生类的地址小（基类在派生类上面）
3：菱形继承时，如果被继承的类都是虚继承与基类，那么基类会被合并。从而消除二义性