Java中的Unsafe类

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-21 23:03:18 发布

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分类专栏：并发编程文章标签： java 后端

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1.Unsafe类介绍

Unsafe类是在sun.misc包下，不属于Java标准。但是很多Java的基础类库，包括一些被广泛使用的高性能开发库都是基于Unsafe类开发的，比如Netty、Hadoop、Kafka等。

使用Unsafe可用来直接访问系统内存资源并进行自主管理，Unsafe类在提升Java运行效率，增强Java语言底层操作能力方面起了很大的作用。

Unsafe可认为是Java中留下的后门，提供了一些低层次操作，如直接内存访问、线程调度等。

官方并不建议使用Unsafe。

下面是使用Unsafe的一些例子。

1.1实例化私有类

 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //通过反射实例化Unsafe,Unsafe类本身构造方法是private的
        Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
        f.setAccessible(true);
        Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) f.get(null);
        //实例化Player
        Player player = (Player) unsafe.allocateInstance(Player.class);
        player.setName("hello");
        System.out.println(player.getName());
    }


    class Player {
        private String name;

        private Player() {
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

    }

1.2 CAS操作，通过内存偏移地址修改变量值
java并发包中的SynchronousQueue中的TransferStack中使用CAS更新栈顶。


private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
private static final long headOffset;
static {
	 try {
		 UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
		 Class<?> k = TransferStack.class;
		 headOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
		  (k.getDeclaredField("head"));
	 } catch (Exception e) {
		 throw new Error(e);
	 }
}
	//栈顶
	volatile SNode head;
	//更新栈顶
	boolean casHead(SNode h, SNode nh) {
		 return h == head &&
		 UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, headOffset, h, nh);
	}

1.3直接内存访问

Unsafe的直接内存访问：用Unsafe开辟的内存空间不占用Heap空间，当然也不具有自动内存回收功能。做到像C一样自由利用系统内存资源。

2.Unsafe类源码分析

Unsafe的大部分API都是native的方法，主要包括以下几类：

1）Class相关。主要提供Class和它的静态字段的操作方法。

2）Object相关。主要提供Object和它的字段的操作方法。

3）Arrray相关。主要提供数组及其中元素的操作方法。

4）并发相关。主要提供低级别同步原语，如CAS、线程调度、volatile、内存屏障等。

5）Memory相关。提供了直接内存访问方法（绕过Java堆直接操作本地内存），可做到像C一样自由利用系统内存资源。

6）系统相关。主要返回某些低级别的内存信息，如地址大小、内存页大小。

2.1Class相关

//静态属性的偏移量，用于在对应的Class对象中读写静态属性
public native long staticFieldOffset(Field f);
 
public native Object staticFieldBase(Field f);
//判断是否需要初始化一个类
public native boolean shouldBeInitialized(Class<?> c);
//确保类被初始化
public native void ensureClassInitialized(Class<?> c);
//定义一个类，可用于动态创建类
public native Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
     ClassLoader loader,
     ProtectionDomain protectionDomain);
//定义一个匿名类，可用于动态创建类
public native Class<?> defineAnonymousClass(Class<?> hostClass, byte[] data, Object[] cpPatches);

2.2Object相关
Java中的基本类型（boolean、byte、char、short、int、long、float、double）及对象引用类型都有以下方法。

//获得对象的字段偏移量 
public native long objectFieldOffset(Field f); 
//获得给定对象地址偏移量的int值
public native int getInt(Object o, long offset);
//设置给定对象地址偏移量的int值
public native void putInt(Object o, long offset, int x);

2.3数组相关

/**
 * Report the offset of the first element in the storage allocation of a
 * given array class. If {@link #arrayIndexScale} returns a non-zero value
 * for the same class, you may use that scale factor, together with this
 * base offset, to form new offsets to access elements of arrays of the
 * given class.
 *
 * @see #getInt(Object, long)
 * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
 */
//返回数组中第一个元素的偏移地址
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class<?> arrayClass);
//boolean、byte、short、char、int、long、float、double，及对象类型均有以下方法
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_BASE_OFFSET
 = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class);
 
/**
 * Report the scale factor for addressing elements in the storage
 * allocation of a given array class. However, arrays of "narrow" types
 * will generally not work properly with accessors like {@link
 * #getByte(Object, int)}, so the scale factor for such classes is reported
 * as zero.
 *
 * @see #arrayBaseOffset
 * @see #getInt(Object, long)
 * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
 */
//返回数组中每一个元素占用的大小
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class<?> arrayClass);
 
//boolean、byte、short、char、int、long、float、double，及对象类型均有以下方法
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_INDEX_SCALE
 = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class);

2.4并发相关
2.4.1CAS相关

CAS：CompareAndSwap，内存偏移地址offset，预期值expected，新值x。如果变量在当前时刻的值和预期值expected相等，尝试将变量的值更新为x。如果更新成功，返回true；否则，返回false。

/**
 * Report the offset of the first element in the storage allocation of a
 * given array class. If {@link #arrayIndexScale} returns a non-zero value
 * for the same class, you may use that scale factor, together with this
 * base offset, to form new offsets to access elements of arrays of the
 * given class.
 *
 * @see #getInt(Object, long)
 * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
 */
//返回数组中第一个元素的偏移地址
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class<?> arrayClass);
//boolean、byte、short、char、int、long、float、double，及对象类型均有以下方法
/** The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_BASE_OFFSET
 = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class);
 
/**
 * Report the scale factor for addressing elements in the storage
 * allocation of a given array class. However, arrays of "narrow" types
 * will generally not work properly with accessors like {@link
 * #getByte(Object, int)}, so the scale factor for such classes is reported
 * as zero.
 *
 * @see #arrayBaseOffset
 * @see #getInt(Object, long)
 * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
 */
//返回数组中每一个元素占用的大小
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class<?> arrayClass);
 
//boolean、byte、short、char、int、long、float、double，及对象类型均有以下方法
/** The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class)} */
public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_INDEX_SCALE
 = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class);

从Java 8开始，Unsafe中提供了以下方法：

//增加
public final int getAndAddInt(Object o, long offset, int delta) {
 int v;
 do {
 v = getIntVolatile(o, offset);
 } while (!compareAndSwapInt(o, offset, v, v + delta));
 return v;
}
 
public final long getAndAddLong(Object o, long offset, long delta) {
 long v;
 do {
 v = getLongVolatile(o, offset);
 } while (!compareAndSwapLong(o, offset, v, v + delta));
 return v;
}
//设置
public final int getAndSetInt(Object o, long offset, int newValue) {
 int v;
 do {
 v = getIntVolatile(o, offset);
 } while (!compareAndSwapInt(o, offset, v, newValue));
 return v;
}
 
public final long getAndSetLong(Object o, long offset, long newValue) {
 long v;
 do {
 v = getLongVolatile(o, offset);
 } while (!compareAndSwapLong(o, offset, v, newValue));
 return v;
}
 
public final Object getAndSetObject(Object o, long offset, Object newValue) {
 Object v;
 do {
 v = getObjectVolatile(o, offset);
 } while (!compareAndSwapObject(o, offset, v, newValue));
 return v;

2.4.2线程调度相关

//取消阻塞线程
public native void unpark(Object thread);
//阻塞线程
public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);
//获得对象锁
public native void monitorEnter(Object o);
//释放对象锁
public native void monitorExit(Object o);
//尝试获取对象锁，返回true或false表示是否获取成功
public native boolean tryMonitorEnter(Object o);

2.4.3volatile相关读写

Java中的基本类型（boolean、byte、char、short、int、long、float、double）及对象引用类型都有以下方法。

//从对象的指定偏移量处获取变量的引用，使用volatile的加载语义
//相当于getObject(Object, long)的volatile版本
public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset);
 
//存储变量的引用到对象的指定的偏移量处，使用volatile的存储语义
//相当于putObject(Object, long, Object)的volatile版本
public native void putObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset, Object x);

/**
 * Version of {@link #putObjectVolatile(Object, long, Object)}
 * that does not guarantee immediate visibility of the store to
 * other threads. This method is generally only useful if the
 * underlying field is a Java volatile (or if an array cell, one
 * that is otherwise only accessed using volatile accesses).
 */
public native void putOrderedObject(Object o, long offset, Object x);
 
/** Ordered/Lazy version of {@link #putIntVolatile(Object, long, int)} */
public native void putOrderedInt(Object o, long offset, int x);
 
/** Ordered/Lazy version of {@link #putLongVolatile(Object, long, long)} */
public native void putOrderedLong(Object o, long offset, long x);

2.4.4内存屏障相关

Java 8引入，用于定义内存屏障，避免代码重排序。

//内存屏障，禁止load操作重排序，即屏障前的load操作不能被重排序到屏障后，屏障后的load操作不能被重排序到屏障前
public native void loadFence();
//内存屏障，禁止store操作重排序，即屏障前的store操作不能被重排序到屏障后，屏障后的store操作不能被重排序到屏障前
public native void storeFence();
//内存屏障，禁止load、store操作重排序
public native void fullFence();

2.5直接内存访问（非堆内存）
allocateMemory所分配的内存需要手动free（不被GC回收）

//（boolean、byte、char、short、int、long、float、double)都有以下get、put两个方法。 
//获得给定地址上的int值
public native int getInt(long address);
//设置给定地址上的int值
public native void putInt(long address, int x);
//获得本地指针
public native long getAddress(long address);
//存储本地指针到给定的内存地址
public native void putAddress(long address, long x);
 
//分配内存
public native long allocateMemory(long bytes);
//重新分配内存
public native long reallocateMemory(long address, long bytes);
//初始化内存内容
public native void setMemory(Object o, long offset, long bytes, byte value);
//初始化内存内容
public void setMemory(long address, long bytes, byte value) {
 setMemory(null, address, bytes, value);
}
//内存内容拷贝
public native void copyMemory(Object srcBase, long srcOffset,
    Object destBase, long destOffset,
    long bytes);
//内存内容拷贝
public void copyMemory(long srcAddress, long destAddress, long bytes) {
 copyMemory(null, srcAddress, null, destAddress, bytes);
}
//释放内存
public native void freeMemory(long address);

2.6系统相关

//返回指针的大小。返回值为4或8。
public native int addressSize();
 
/** The value of {@code addressSize()} */
public static final int ADDRESS_SIZE = theUnsafe.addressSize();
 
//内存页的大小。
public native int pageSize();