Java中没有指针的概念,而引用就是一个弱化的指针,保证开发不能任意操作内存。最近整理了一下之前不明白的各种级别引用:强引用、软引用、弱引用、虚引用,它们的特点和应用场景汇总如下:
1、强引用
如果一个对象具有强引用,GC绝不会回收它;当内存空间不足,JVM宁愿抛出OutOfMemoryError错误。一般new出来的对象都是强引用,如下
//强引用
User strangeReference=new User();
2、软引用
如果一个对象具有软引用,当内存空间不足,GC会回收这些对象的内存,使用软引用构建敏感数据的缓存。
在JVM中,软引用是如下定义的,可以通过一个时间戳来回收,下面引自JVM:
- public class SoftReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
- /**
- * Timestamp clock, updated by the garbage collector
- */
- static private long clock;
- /**
- * Timestamp updated by each invocation of the get method. The VM may use
- * this field when selecting soft references to be cleared, but it is not
- * required to do so.
- */
- private long timestamp;
- /**
- * Creates a new soft reference that refers to the given object. The new
- * reference is not registered with any queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new soft reference will refer to
- */
- public SoftReference(T referent) {
- super(referent);
- this.timestamp = clock;
- }
- /**
- * Creates a new soft reference that refers to the given object and is
- * registered with the given queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new soft reference will refer to
- * @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
- * or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
- *
- */
- public SoftReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
- super(referent, q);
- this.timestamp = clock;
- }
- /**
- * Returns this reference object's referent. If this reference object has
- * been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then
- * this method returns <code>null</code>.
- *
- * @return The object to which this reference refers, or
- * <code>null</code> if this reference object has been cleared
- */
- public T get() {
- T o = super.get();
- if (o != null && this.timestamp != clock)
- this.timestamp = clock;
- return o;
- }
- }
public class SoftReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
/**
* Timestamp clock, updated by the garbage collector
*/
static private long clock;
/**
* Timestamp updated by each invocation of the get method. The VM may use
* this field when selecting soft references to be cleared, but it is not
* required to do so.
*/
private long timestamp;
/**
* Creates a new soft reference that refers to the given object. The new
* reference is not registered with any queue.
*
* @param referent object the new soft reference will refer to
*/
public SoftReference(T referent) {
super(referent);
this.timestamp = clock;
}
/**
* Creates a new soft reference that refers to the given object and is
* registered with the given queue.
*
* @param referent object the new soft reference will refer to
* @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
* or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
*
*/
public SoftReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
super(referent, q);
this.timestamp = clock;
}
/**
* Returns this reference object's referent. If this reference object has
* been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then
* this method returns <code>null</code>.
*
* @return The object to which this reference refers, or
* <code>null</code> if this reference object has been cleared
*/
public T get() {
T o = super.get();
if (o != null && this.timestamp != clock)
this.timestamp = clock;
return o;
}
}
软引用的声明的借助强引用或者匿名对象,使用泛型SoftReference<T>;可以通过get方法获得强引用。具体如下:
- //软引用
- SoftReference<User>softReference=new SoftReference<User>(new User());
- strangeReference=softReference.get();//通过get方法获得强引用
//软引用
SoftReference<User>softReference=new SoftReference<User>(new User());
strangeReference=softReference.get();//通过get方法获得强引用
3、弱引用
如果一个对象具有弱引用,在GC线程扫描内存区域的过程中,不管当前内存空间足够与否,都会回收内存,使用弱引用 构建非敏感数据的缓存。
在JVM中,弱引用是如下定义的,下面引自JVM:
- public class WeakReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
- /**
- * Creates a new weak reference that refers to the given object. The new
- * reference is not registered with any queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new weak reference will refer to
- */
- public WeakReference(T referent) {
- super(referent);
- }
- /**
- * Creates a new weak reference that refers to the given object and is
- * registered with the given queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new weak reference will refer to
- * @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
- * or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
- */
- public WeakReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
- super(referent, q);
- }
- }
public class WeakReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
/**
* Creates a new weak reference that refers to the given object. The new
* reference is not registered with any queue.
*
* @param referent object the new weak reference will refer to
*/
public WeakReference(T referent) {
super(referent);
}
/**
* Creates a new weak reference that refers to the given object and is
* registered with the given queue.
*
* @param referent object the new weak reference will refer to
* @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
* or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
*/
public WeakReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
super(referent, q);
}
}
弱引用的声明的借助强引用或者匿名对象,使用泛型WeakReference<T>,具体如下:
//弱引用
WeakReference<User>weakReference=new WeakReference<User>(new User());
4、虚引用
如果一个对象仅持有虚引用,在任何时候都可能被垃圾回收,虚引用与软引用和弱引用的一个区别在于:虚引用必须和引用队列联合使用,虚引用主要用来跟踪对象 被垃圾回收的活动。
在JVM中,虚引用是如下定义的,下面引自JVM:
- public class PhantomReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
- /**
- * Returns this reference object's referent. Because the referent of a
- * phantom reference is always inaccessible, this method always returns
- * <code>null</code>.
- *
- * @return <code>null</code>
- */
- public T get() {
- return null;
- }
- /**
- * Creates a new phantom reference that refers to the given object and
- * is registered with the given queue.
- *
- * <p> It is possible to create a phantom reference with a <tt>null</tt>
- * queue, but such a reference is completely useless: Its <tt>get</tt>
- * method will always return null and, since it does not have a queue, it
- * will never be enqueued.
- *
- * @param referent the object the new phantom reference will refer to
- * @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
- * or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
- */
- public PhantomReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
- super(referent, q);
- }
- }
public class PhantomReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
/**
* Returns this reference object's referent. Because the referent of a
* phantom reference is always inaccessible, this method always returns
* <code>null</code>.
*
* @return <code>null</code>
*/
public T get() {
return null;
}
/**
* Creates a new phantom reference that refers to the given object and
* is registered with the given queue.
*
* <p> It is possible to create a phantom reference with a <tt>null</tt>
* queue, but such a reference is completely useless: Its <tt>get</tt>
* method will always return null and, since it does not have a queue, it
* will never be enqueued.
*
* @param referent the object the new phantom reference will refer to
* @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
* or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
*/
public PhantomReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
super(referent, q);
}
}
虚引用PhantomReference<T>的声明的借助强引用或者匿名对象,结合泛型ReferenceQueue<T>初始化,具体如下:
- //虚引用
- PhantomReference<User> phantomReference=new PhantomReference<User>(new User(),new ReferenceQueue<User>());
//虚引用
PhantomReference<User> phantomReference=new PhantomReference<User>(new User(),new ReferenceQueue<User>());
5、总结
下面是一段关于强引用、软引用、弱引用、虚引用的程序:
- import java.lang.ref.*;
- import java.util.HashSet;
- import java.util.Set;
- class User {
- private String name;
- public User()
- {}
- public User(String name)
- {
- this.name=name;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return name;
- }
- public void finalize(){
- System.out.println("Finalizing ... "+name);
- }
- }
- /**
- * Created by jinxu on 15-4-25.
- */
- public class ReferenceDemo {
- private static ReferenceQueue<User> referenceQueue = new ReferenceQueue<User>();
- private static final int size = 10;
- public static void checkQueue(){
- /* Reference<? extends User> reference = null;
- while((reference = referenceQueue.poll())!=null){
- System.out.println("In queue : "+reference.get());
- }*/
- Reference<? extends User> reference = referenceQueue.poll();
- if(reference!=null){
- System.out.println("In queue : "+reference.get());
- }
- }
- public static void testSoftReference()
- {
- Set<SoftReference<User>> softReferenceSet = new HashSet<SoftReference<User>>();
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- SoftReference<User> ref = new SoftReference<User>(new User("Soft " + i), referenceQueue);
- System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
- softReferenceSet.add(ref);
- }
- System.gc();
- checkQueue();
- }
- public static void testWeaKReference()
- {
- Set<WeakReference<User>> weakReferenceSet = new HashSet<WeakReference<User>>();
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- WeakReference<User> ref = new WeakReference<User>(new User("Weak " + i), referenceQueue);
- System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
- weakReferenceSet.add(ref);
- }
- System.gc();
- checkQueue();
- }
- public static void testPhantomReference()
- {
- Set<PhantomReference<User>> phantomReferenceSet = new HashSet<PhantomReference<User>>();
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- PhantomReference<User> ref =
- new PhantomReference<User>(new User("Phantom " + i), referenceQueue);
- System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
- phantomReferenceSet.add(ref);
- }
- System.gc();
- checkQueue();
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- testSoftReference();
- testWeaKReference();
- testPhantomReference();
- }
- }
import java.lang.ref.*;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
class User {
private String name;
public User()
{}
public User(String name)
{
this.name=name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
public void finalize(){
System.out.println("Finalizing ... "+name);
}
}
/**
* Created by jinxu on 15-4-25.
*/
public class ReferenceDemo {
private static ReferenceQueue<User> referenceQueue = new ReferenceQueue<User>();
private static final int size = 10;
public static void checkQueue(){
/* Reference<? extends User> reference = null;
while((reference = referenceQueue.poll())!=null){
System.out.println("In queue : "+reference.get());
}*/
Reference<? extends User> reference = referenceQueue.poll();
if(reference!=null){
System.out.println("In queue : "+reference.get());
}
}
public static void testSoftReference()
{
Set<SoftReference<User>> softReferenceSet = new HashSet<SoftReference<User>>();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
SoftReference<User> ref = new SoftReference<User>(new User("Soft " + i), referenceQueue);
System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
softReferenceSet.add(ref);
}
System.gc();
checkQueue();
}
public static void testWeaKReference()
{
Set<WeakReference<User>> weakReferenceSet = new HashSet<WeakReference<User>>();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
WeakReference<User> ref = new WeakReference<User>(new User("Weak " + i), referenceQueue);
System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
weakReferenceSet.add(ref);
}
System.gc();
checkQueue();
}
public static void testPhantomReference()
{
Set<PhantomReference<User>> phantomReferenceSet = new HashSet<PhantomReference<User>>();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
PhantomReference<User> ref =
new PhantomReference<User>(new User("Phantom " + i), referenceQueue);
System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
phantomReferenceSet.add(ref);
}
System.gc();
checkQueue();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
testSoftReference();
testWeaKReference();
testPhantomReference();
}
}
结果为
- Just created: Soft 0
- Just created: Soft 1
- Just created: Soft 2
- Just created: Soft 3
- Just created: Soft 4
- Just created: Soft 5
- Just created: Soft 6
- Just created: Soft 7
- Just created: Soft 8
- Just created: Soft 9
- Just created: Weak 0
- Just created: Weak 1
- Just created: Weak 2
- Just created: Weak 3
- Just created: Weak 4
- Just created: Weak 5
- Just created: Weak 6
- Just created: Weak 7
- Just created: Weak 8
- Just created: Weak 9
- Finalizing ... Weak 7
- Finalizing ... Weak 8
- Finalizing ... Weak 9
- Finalizing ... Weak 4
- Finalizing ... Weak 5
- Finalizing ... Weak 6
- Finalizing ... Weak 0
- Finalizing ... Weak 1
- Finalizing ... Weak 2
- Finalizing ... Weak 3
- Finalizing ... Soft 9
- Finalizing ... Soft 8
- Finalizing ... Soft 7
- Finalizing ... Soft 6
- Finalizing ... Soft 5
- Finalizing ... Soft 4
- Finalizing ... Soft 3
- Finalizing ... Soft 2
- Finalizing ... Soft 1
- Finalizing ... Soft 0
- In queue : null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- In queue : null
- Finalizing ... Phantom 9
- Finalizing ... Phantom 7
- Finalizing ... Phantom 8
- Finalizing ... Phantom 4
- Finalizing ... Phantom 5
- Finalizing ... Phantom 6
- Finalizing ... Phantom 0
- Finalizing ... Phantom 1
- Finalizing ... Phantom 2
- Finalizing ... Phantom 3
Just created: Soft 0
Just created: Soft 1
Just created: Soft 2
Just created: Soft 3
Just created: Soft 4
Just created: Soft 5
Just created: Soft 6
Just created: Soft 7
Just created: Soft 8
Just created: Soft 9
Just created: Weak 0
Just created: Weak 1
Just created: Weak 2
Just created: Weak 3
Just created: Weak 4
Just created: Weak 5
Just created: Weak 6
Just created: Weak 7
Just created: Weak 8
Just created: Weak 9
Finalizing ... Weak 7
Finalizing ... Weak 8
Finalizing ... Weak 9
Finalizing ... Weak 4
Finalizing ... Weak 5
Finalizing ... Weak 6
Finalizing ... Weak 0
Finalizing ... Weak 1
Finalizing ... Weak 2
Finalizing ... Weak 3
Finalizing ... Soft 9
Finalizing ... Soft 8
Finalizing ... Soft 7
Finalizing ... Soft 6
Finalizing ... Soft 5
Finalizing ... Soft 4
Finalizing ... Soft 3
Finalizing ... Soft 2
Finalizing ... Soft 1
Finalizing ... Soft 0
In queue : null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
Just created: null
In queue : null
Finalizing ... Phantom 9
Finalizing ... Phantom 7
Finalizing ... Phantom 8
Finalizing ... Phantom 4
Finalizing ... Phantom 5
Finalizing ... Phantom 6
Finalizing ... Phantom 0
Finalizing ... Phantom 1
Finalizing ... Phantom 2
Finalizing ... Phantom 3
从程序运行结果可以看出,虚引用形同虚设,它所引用的对象随时可能被垃圾回收器回收,具有弱引用的对象拥有稍微长一点的生命周期,当垃圾回收器执行回收操作时,有可能被垃圾回收器回收,具有软引用的对象拥有更长的生命周期,但在Java虚拟机认为内存不足的情况下,也是会被垃圾回收器回收的。
由于时间有限,在写博文的过程中参考过一些文献,在此表示感谢;同时鉴于水平原因,你难免有不足之处,欢迎斧正!