MySQL主从

1. 主从简介

• MySQL主从又叫做Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A和B两台机器做主从后，在A上写数据，另外一台B也会跟着写数据，两者数据实时同步的
• MySQL主从是基于binlog的，主上须开启binlog才能进行主从。
  复制的基本过程如下：
  1)、Slave上面的IO_thread连接上Master，并请求从指定日志文件的指定位置（或者从最开始的日志）之后的日志内容；
  2)、Master接收到来自Slave的IO_thread的请求后，通过负责复制的IO进程根据请求信息读取制定日志指定位置之后的日志信息，返回给Slave 的IO_thread。返回信息中除了日志所包含的信息之外，还包括本次返回的信息已经到Master端的bin-log file的以及bin-log pos；
  3)、Slave的IO_thread接收到信息后，将接收到的日志内容依次添加到Slave端的relay-log文件的最末端，并将读取到的Master端的 bin-log的文件名和位置记录到master-info文件中，以便在下一次读取的时候能够清楚的告诉Master“我需要从某个bin-log的哪 个位置开始往后的日志内容，请发给我”；
  4)、Slave的Sql_thread检测到relay-log中新增加了内容后，会马上解析relay-log的内容成为在Master

1.1 主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换
读写分离，提供查询服务
备份，避免影响业务

1.2 主从形式

一主一从
主主复制
一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
多主一从—5.7开始支持
联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志） 文件中
SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

3. mysql主从配置（新部署的主从）

主从复制配置步骤：

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.235.135	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	192.168.235.145	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	无数据

3.1、确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

[root@master ~]#  mysql -uroot -p1 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p1 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

3.2、在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.235.145' identified by '1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)


[root@slave ~]# mysql -urepl -p1 -h192.168.235.135
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.34 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

3.3、配置主从数据库

[root@master ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
skip-name-resolve

log-bin = mysql_bin  //启用binlog日志
server-id = 10   //数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值必须比从库的小

[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart

mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)


[root@slave ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
skip-name-resolve

server-id = 20      //设置从库的唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须大于主库的该值
relay-log = mysql_relay      //启用中继日志relay-log

[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart

//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to 
    -> master_host='192.168.235.135',
    -> master_user='repl',
    -> master_password='1',
    -> master_log_file='mysql_bin.000001',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.05 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: 
                  Master_Host: 192.168.235.135
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay.000003
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes  //此处必须为Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes  //此处必须为Yes

3.4、测试验证

在主服务器的创建yy：

mysql> create database yy;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| yy                 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

mysql>  create database yy;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| yy                 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

4、mysql主从配置（主数据库原先有数据）

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| yy                 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.03 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | tom   |   20 |
|  2 | jerry |   23 |
+----+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)

全备主从数据库
全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致

mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)

//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p1 --all-databases > /opt/all-`date +%F`.sql

[root@master ~]# ls /opt/
all-2021-08-30.sql 
[root@master ~]# scp /opt/all-2021-08-30.sql  root@192.168.235.145:/opt/
root@192.168.235.145's password: 
all-2021-08-30.sql                       100%    0     0.0KB/s   00:00    
[root@master ~]# 

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p1 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| yy                 |
+--------------------+

4.1、在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'wxy'@'192.168.235.145' identified by "1";
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> grant  replication slave on *.* to  'wxy'@'192.168.235.145';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

4.2、配置主从数据库

[root@master ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
log-bin = mysql_bin
server-id = 10

mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000003 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='192.168.235.135',
    -> master_user='wxy',
    -> master_password='1',
    -> master_log_file='mysql_bin.000003',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.06 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: 
                  Master_Host: 192.168.235.135
                  Master_User: wxy
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000003
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay-bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000003
             Slave_IO_Running: YES
            Slave_SQL_Running: YES

4.3、测试验证

删除数据库yy
mysql> drop database yy;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p1 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+