人脸脸部识别技术
揭露 (Disclosure)
The following introduction references existing technology and future advances in facial recognition. This scenario is fictional but should be considered technology possible.
以下介绍参考了现有技术以及面部识别的未来发展。 这种情况是虚构的，但应视为可能的技术。
故事开始 (The Story Begins)
On a warm south Texas fall afternoon, Chloe and Olivia left school for home. They caught bus #632 at the corner in front of the bank across the street from RHS. They’d only ride a mile, initially. Chloe wanted to stop off at the Big Box SuperStore on the way. She had been at the store the previous Saturday when one of the salesladies told her about the new line of fall sweaters due to arrive Wednesday. They’d be stocked on the shelves and hangers by Thursday afternoon. She was dying to see what Big Box had.
在德克萨斯州南部一个温暖的秋天下午，克洛伊和奥利维亚离开学校回家。 他们在RHS对面的银行对面的拐角处乘坐＃632号公共汽车。 最初，他们只会骑一英里。 克洛伊(Chloe)希望在此期间在Big Box SuperStore停留。 她曾在上个星期六去过商店，当时一位女售货员告诉她有关定于周三到达的新系列秋季毛衣的信息。 他们要在星期四下午之前放在架子和衣架上。 她渴望看到Big Box拥有什么。
They left campus as soon as they could. School let out at 4:00 pm. The bus would be at their stop by 4:08. They didn’t want to miss the bus because the next one wouldn’t arrive until nearly 4:30. Catching their preferred bus would get them to Big Box by 4:12, a four-minute-mile ride. Although they both were on the track team and conceivably could run the distance in about the same amount of time as riding the bus, why be all hot and sweaty when they got there.
他们尽快离开校园。 学校在下午4:00放学。 公共汽车将在4:08停下来。 他们不想错过公共汽车，因为下一辆要到近4:30才到。 赶上他们偏爱的公交车，可以在4:12(四分钟车程)之前将他们送至Big Box。 尽管他们俩都在田径队，并且可以想象到，他们可以在大约与乘坐公交车相同的时间内跑完距离，但是为什么他们到达那里时却又热又汗呢？
Chloe and Olivia walked through the main doors a little after 4:20 pm. They often came to Big Box. After all, the store had most anything a person could want. Stuff wasn’t fancy, but then it wasn’t expensive either. Chloe could generally afford what she wanted as long as it wasn’t too close to the end of the month. For Olivia, it was always too close to the end of the month. Olivia usually shopped at Goodwill across the street from Big Box.
下午4点20分过后，克洛伊(Chloe)和奥利维亚(Olivia)走进大门。 他们经常来大盒子。 毕竟，商店拥有人们想要的大部分东西。 东西不是花哨的，但是那也不贵。 只要离月底还不太近，Chloe通常就能负担得起。 对于Olivia来说，离月底总是太近了。 奥利维亚通常在Big Box街对面的Goodwill购物。
大哥在看 (Big Brother Is Watching)
As soon as they walked through the doors, BBFR recognized them. BBFR is an abbreviation for Big Box Facial Recognition. The loss prevention staff just called it Big Brother. Big Brother is the first line of shoplifting defense in the arsenal of anti-theft devices employed by Big Box. Every person entering the store, any store in the Big Box empire, is photographed at the doors. BBFR’s algorithms determine if this customer has been in a Big Box or any of its affiliates before. A new customer is assigned a new account. The customer is assigned an 8-digit hexadecimal number, and their visit to the store is logged. If it’s a return customer, their visit is recorded.
他们一走进门，BBFR就认出了他们。 BBFR是“ Big Box人脸识别”的缩写。 防损人员将其称为“老大哥”。 “大哥大”是Big Box所采用的防盗设备库中的入店行窃防御的第一道防线。 每个进入商店的人，在Big Box帝国的任何商店，都会在门口被拍照。 BBFR的算法确定该客户之前是否曾在Big Box或其任何关联公司中。 为新客户分配了新帐户。 为客户分配了一个8位十六进制数字，并记录了他们对商店的访问。 如果是回头客，则会记录他们的访问。
Chloe is known to Big Brother as 3d9619a0, and Olivia is known as cd7cc365. Eight digit places of hex numbers will store 4.29 billion unique customers. So far, Big Box has used only a fraction of that number. Certainly not anywhere close to 7.57 billion numbers needed for the entire world population, but Big Box is optimistic about eventually needing a ninth digit.
克洛伊(Chloe)被老大哥(Big Brother)称为3d9619a0，奥利维亚(Olivia)被称为cd7cc365。 八位数的十六进制数字将存储42.9亿的唯一客户。 到目前为止，Big Box仅使用了该数字的一小部分。 当然，整个世界人口所需的数字并不接近75.7亿，但Big Box乐观地认为最终将需要第九个数字。
From the store management’s point of view, there are two cool things about Facial Recognition (FR). The first is that things like sunglasses, facial hair, and makeup are mostly irrelevant to the Big Brother algorithm. FR uses permanent facial features of the shape of eyes and distance between the eyes, size, and shape of the nose, and length of the jawline. Facial data points, known as nodal points, create a three-dimensional facial construction. Such constructions even use skin texture.
从商店管理层的角度来看，面部识别(FR)有两个很酷的东西。 首先是太阳镜，胡子和化妆等东西与Big Brother算法无关。 FR使用永久性的面部特征，包括眼睛形状，眼睛之间的距离，鼻子的大小和形状以及下巴的长度。 面部数据点(称为节点)可创建三维面部构造。 这样的构造甚至使用皮肤纹理。
The second cool thing about FR is the general public doesn’t know it’s in use, and the company, depending on the store location, has no legal obligation to inform anyone. (Wernick, 2019)
关于FR的第二个有趣的事情是，公众不知道它的使用情况，根据商店位置，该公司没有通知任何人的法律义务。 (韦尼克，2019)
Two years earlier, when the girls were 16, Olivia had been window shopping and accidentally dropped some L’Oreal Paris True Match Super-Blendable Blush, retail price $7.97, into her bag. She swore up and down she didn’t mean to and hadn’t noticed it falling into her purse. But unfortunately for her, Ms. Rose, a plainclothes store detective, observed the incident. It was Ms. Rose who confronted her and detained her outside the store.
两年前，当女孩16岁时，奥利维亚(Olivia)逛街购物，不小心把一些欧莱雅巴黎True Match超级混合腮红(零售价7.97美元)放进了她的包里。 她发誓不愿冒犯，也没有注意到它掉进了钱包。 但不幸的是，便衣商店探员罗斯女士发现了这起事件。 罗斯女士面对她并将她拘留在商店外。
Given the relatively low price of the item taken, the police were not called. Olivia was photographed, her parents were contacted, and she received a “Notification of Restriction from Property (NRP).” This notice essentially says stay away from all Big Box stores and their affiliates forever. If she showed up on a Big Box property, she could be arrested for criminal trespassing.
鉴于所取物品的价格相对较低，因此未召集警方。 奥利维亚(Olivia)被拍照，与她的父母联系，并收到“财产限制通知(NRP)”。 该通知实质上表示永远远离所有Big Box商店及其分支机构。 如果她出现在Big Box财产上，可能会因涉嫌犯罪罪名而被捕。
Initially, Olivia heeded the no-trespass notice. But as time went on, Olivia started coming back to the store, usually with Chloe.
最初，奥利维亚(Olivia)留意了禁止进入的通知。 但是随着时间的流逝，Olivia通常会和Chloe一起回到商店。
Upon BBFR installation at the store, Olivia’s past transgression was uploaded into the system. Anytime Olivia came into Big Box, an alert was sent to loss-prevention. However, because Olivia was still considered a juvenile and no theft issues arose, loss prevention viewed her presence as something to be monitored but not acted on unless there was a problem. Also, profit from a sale was still profit, and management bonuses are dependent on profit. Olivia’s grace period would end today.
在商店中安装BBFR后，Olivia的过往违法行为被上载到系统中。 每当Olivia进入Big Box时，都会发出警报以防止损失。 但是，由于Olivia仍被视为少年，并且没有出现盗窃问题，因此预防损失将她的存在视为需要监视的事物，除非有问题，否则不会采取任何行动。 同样，销售利润仍然是利润，管理奖金取决于利润。 奥利维亚的宽限期将在今天结束。
When Olivia entered the store, an alert was sent immediately to the loss prevention team on their store smartphones. Big Brother started a real-time camera track on cd7cc365, as it had every other time she had come into the store. Conrad was working on the camera monitoring that day. Conrad would monitor the cameras that were watching the store and high-risk customers. Though Big Brother would alert the loss prevention team of identified risks, Conrad was particularly adept at identifying shady behavior.
当Olivia进入商店时，会立即通过商店智能手机向防损小组发送警报。 “老大哥”在cd7cc365上开始了实时摄像头跟踪，因为这是她每隔一次进入商店。 那天，康拉德(Conrad)正在监控摄像机。 康拉德(Conrad)将监视正在监视商店和高风险客户的摄像机。 尽管“老大哥”会提醒损失预防小组注意已发现的风险，但康拉德尤其擅长识别可疑行为。
There was no need for Conrad to radio Ms. Rose of cd7cc365’s location. Ms. Rose already had that information on her handheld store device. She had a map of the store, and a small photo identified Olivia’s place. At the moment, there was only one thumbnail picture on her screen.
康拉德无需广播cd7cc365所在位置的Rose女士。 罗斯女士已经在手持式存储设备上获得了该信息。 她有商店的地图，还有一张小照片标识了Olivia的位置。 目前，她的屏幕上只有一张缩略图。
Various times of the year, particularly beginning Black Friday, multiple pictures tended to show up on the loss prevention team’s devices. At these times, those risks with NRPs would be met just inside the doors. Big Box staff reminded them they were unwelcome and should take their business elsewhere.
在一年中的不同时间，尤其是从黑色星期五开始，防损团队的设备上往往会出现多张照片。 在这些时候，使用NRP的那些风险将在门内得到满足。 Big Box员工提醒他们他们不受欢迎，应该将业务转移到其他地方。
Ms. Rose would be the eyes on the sales floor, looking for the telltale signs of dishonest behavior. Good thieves, rather, thieves that are good at stealing, know the cameras are there and can disguise their actions enough that the overhead cameras can’t see the concealment. Good thieves can also block concealment from loss prevention officers on the floor, but it is impossible to conceal theft from both cameras and floor staff simultaneously.
罗斯女士会盯着销售现场，寻找不诚实行为的明显迹象。 好的盗贼更擅长偷窃，他们知道相机在那里并且可以掩饰其行为，以至于高架摄像机看不到隐藏物。 好的盗贼还可以阻止地板上防损人员的掩盖，但是不可能同时掩盖摄像机和地板人员的盗窃行为。
Olivia and Chloe made their way to the women’s clothing department, unaware their actions were observed in duality. Together, the girls eagerly went through the fall sweaters. Although both girls happily went through the collection of sweaters, it was Chloe that was shopping. Olivia was there to offer advice.
奥利维亚和克洛伊(Olivia)和克洛伊(Chloe)进入女装部门，却没有意识到他们的行为是双重的。 女孩们在一起热切地穿过秋天的毛衣。 尽管两个女孩都愉快地浏览了毛衣系列，但Chloe在购物。 奥利维亚在那里提供建议。
They had gone through the Time and Tru sweaters priced $9.99 to $18.99. Cloe had found a couple that could do for her, but the sweater she wanted was a Calvin Klein Cowlneck Knit Sweater priced $39.99. The $25 she had would amply cover any of the Time and Trus, but not the Calvin Klein. Chloe would not have money for the CK until after the first of the new month. What should she do?
他们经历过Time and Tru毛衣的价格在9.99美元至18.99美元之间。 Cloe找到了一对可以为她做的夫妇，但她想要的毛衣是Calvin Klein Cowlneck针织毛衣，售价39.99美元。 她所拥有的25美元足以支付《时代周刊》中的任何内容，但不包括Calvin Klein。 直到新月的第一个月，Chloe才没有钱买CK。 她该干什么？
As the girls exited the store, Ms. Rose walked up to them, saying to Chloe, “Miss, may I see your receipt for the sweater in your bag?”
当女孩们离开商店时，罗斯女士走到她们面前，对克洛伊说：“小姐，我可以在包里看到你的毛衣收据吗？”
本文研究 (Research For This Article)
In researching this article, I found many commercial vendors offering facial recognition products. Here is what several have to say about their services.
在研究本文时，我发现许多提供面部识别产品的商业供应商。 以下是关于他们的服务的几点看法。
Paravision — “Paravision’s algorithms excel across a range of challenging scenarios including cooperative and non-cooperative faces, light and angle variability, blur and pixelation, occlusions, and diversity across phenotype, age, and gender.”
Paravision –“ Paravision的算法在一系列具有挑战性的场景中表现出色，包括合作和非合作的面Kong，光线和角度的可变性，模糊和像素化，遮挡以及表型，年龄和性别的多样性。”
FaceFirst — “FaceFirst notifies your loss prevention team when known criminals, stalkers or disgruntled former employees enter the workplace…”
FaceFirst —“当已知的罪犯，缠扰者或不满的前雇员进入工作场所时，FaceFirst会通知您的损失预防团队……”
Cognitec — “Face recognition technology can detect people’s faces in live video streams or video footage and store anonymous information for each appearance of a person in front of a camera. Analysis of this information over time allows the software to compute people count… and to detect frequent visitors and crowds.”
Cognitec —人脸识别技术可以检测实时视频流或视频镜头中的人脸，并在摄像机前为人的每次出现存储匿名信息。 随着时间的流逝，对这些信息的分析使该软件能够计算人数……并检测经常来访的游客和人群。”
商店会使用这样的技术吗？ (Would Or Do Stores Use Technology Like This?)
Yes, of course, they would and do. The largest retailer in the world, Walmart, has experimented with facial recognition (Roberts, 2015). Walmart also uses the Everseen system at some store locations to detect unscanned items placed into shopping bags (BBC News, 2019).
是的，当然，他们会并且愿意。 世界上最大的零售商沃尔玛已经尝试了面部识别(Roberts，2015年)。 沃尔玛还在某些商店位置使用Everseen系统来检测放入购物袋的未扫描物品(BBC新闻，2019年)。
China is a world leader in facial recognition technology and regularly reminds its citizens that such equipment will make it almost impossible to evade the authorities.” — BBC News, April 13, 2018
中国是面部识别技术的世界领导者，并定期提醒其公民，这种设备将使其几乎不可能逃脱当局。” -BBC新闻，2018年4月13日
对于监控摄像机的最坏情况，我们可能会有什么期望？ (What Might We Expect For A Worst Case Scenario Of Surveillance Cameras?)
Probably the most widely known user of FR technology is the Chinese government. The news media reports extensive use of FR. There was a recent report of a fugitive identified out of the crowd of 60,000 concert goers (BBC News, April 13, 2018). Another story tells of Chinese police officers wearing unique FR enhance glasses. “The glasses are connected to an internal database of suspects, meaning officers can quickly scan crowds while looking for fugitives.” (BBC News, Feb. 7, 2018)
FR技术最广为人知的用户可能是中国政府。 新闻媒体报道了FR的广泛使用。 最近有报道称，在6万名演唱会人群中发现了逃犯(英国广播公司新闻，2018年4月13日)。 另一个故事讲述了中国警察戴着独特的FR增强眼镜。 “这些眼镜与犯罪嫌疑人的内部数据库相连，这意味着警官可以在寻找逃犯的同时Swift扫视人群。” (BBC新闻，2018年2月7日)
BBC correspondent John Sudworth partnered with the Chinese police to experiment. His photograph and identifying information were entered into the national database as a person of interest. He left police headquarters with the intent of walking to an unknown destination. He was apprehended 7 minutes later at a bus station by five policemen (Lui, 2017).
英国广播公司(BBC)记者约翰·萨德沃思(John Sudworth)与中国警察合作进行实验。 他的照片和身份信息作为感兴趣的人被输入到国家数据库中。 他出于步行目的离开警察总部。 7分钟后，他在一个汽车站被五名警察逮捕(Lui，2017)。
An estimated 170 million CCTV cameras are in use in China, and at the end of 2021, there will be an additional 400 million cameras added to the system. (Lui, 2017)
估计在中国使用的CCTV摄像机有1.7亿部，到2021年底，该系统将再增加4亿部摄像机。 (吕，2017)
技术的使用如何影响我们的第四修正案权利？ (How does the use of technology affect our 4th amendment rights?)
There is a difference between government use of FR and private use of FR.
政府使用FR和私人使用FR之间有区别。
The consequences of infringement of civil liberties by the government are clearly outlined in our laws.
我们的法律明确规定了政府侵犯公民自由的后果。
The 4th amendment states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” — National Constitution Center
第四修正案规定：“不得侵犯人民保护其人身，房屋，文件和财物的权利，以免进行不合理的搜查和扣押，也不得发出任何认股权证，但在可能的原因下，应由誓言支持或确认书，特别是描述要搜寻的地点以及要扣押的人或物。” —国家宪法中心
Use of FR by private individuals, companies we choose to do business with, and private lawful use by others is not so clearly defined.
私人，我们选择与之进行业务往来的公司对FR的使用以及他人对私人合法使用的定义尚不明确。
“‘Facial recognition really doesn’t have a place in society,’ said Evan Greer, deputy director of Fight for the Future. ‘It’s deeply invasive, and from our perspective, the potential harm to society and human liberties far outweigh the potential benefits.’ “ — (Yamanouchi, 2019)
“争取社会认可确实没有社会地位，”“争取未来”副主任埃文·格里尔(Evan Greer)说。 “这是一种深远的侵略，从我们的角度来看，对社会和人类自由的潜在危害远远大于潜在的利益。” -—(山之内，2019年)
摘要 (Summary)
The year 1984 was 35 years ago. However, I see 1984 (Orwell, 1949 ) as clearly possible in America’s future.
1984年是35年前。 但是，我认为1984 (Orwell，1949)在美国的未来显然是可能的。
Citations:
引文：
BBC News, Feb. 7, 2018, Chinese police spot suspects with surveillance sunglasses
英国广播公司新闻，2018年2月7日， 中国警察通过监视太阳镜发现嫌疑犯
BBC News, April 13, 2018, Chinese man caught by facial recognition at pop concert
英国广播公司新闻，2018年4月13日， 中国人在流行音乐会上被面部识别抓住
BBC News, June 21, 2019, Walmart uses AI cameras to spot thieves
BBC新闻，2019年6月21日， 沃尔玛使用AI摄像头发现小偷
Lui, Joyce, Dec. 10, 2017, In Your Face: China’s all-seeing state, BBC News
Lui，Joyce，2017 年 12月10日， 在您的面前：中国无所不能的国家 ，BBC新闻
National Constitution Center, 4th Amendment — Search and Seizure
国家宪法中心， 第四修正案-搜查和扣押
Orwell, George, 1984, Secker & Warburg Publishers, 1949
奥威尔，乔治(George)，1984年；塞克与华宝出版社(Secker＆Warburg Publishers)，1949年
Roberts, Jeff John, Nov. 9, 2015, Walmart’s Use of Sci-fi Tech To Spot Shoplifters Raises Privacy Questions, Fortune.com
罗伯茨(Roberts)，杰夫·约翰(Jeff John)，2015年11月9日， 沃尔玛(Walmart)利用科幻技术发现商店行窃者引发了隐私问题 ，Fortune.com
Warnick, Alan S., July 02, 2019, Biometric Information — Permanent Personally Identifiable Information Risk, American Bar Association
Warnick，Alan S.，2019年7月2日， 生物识别信息—永久性个人身份信息风险 ，美国律师协会
Yamanouchi, Kelly, Sept. 18, 2019, As Delta Air Lines Expands Face Recognition, Criticism Grows, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Yamanouchi，Kelly，2019年9月18日， 随着达美航空(Delta Air Lines)扩大人脸识别能力，批评的增长 ，《亚特兰大期刊社》
© 2019 Randle B. Moore All Rights Reserved
©2019 Randle B.Moore保留所有权利
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如果您发现此故事内容丰富，那么您可能还会发现这些故事很有趣。
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