【51CTO.com快译】知道Linux系统在什么样的硬件部件上运行始终是个好的做法，这可以帮助你在系统上安装程序包和驱动程序时，处理兼容问题。
1.如何查看Linux系统的信息
如果仅仅想知道系统名称，你可以使用不带任何参数选项符的uname命令(会输出系统信息)，或者使用uname -s命令(输出系统的内核名称)。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname
Linux
想查看网络主机名称，使用带“-n”参数选项符的uname命令，如下所示。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -n
tecmint.com
想获得关于内核版本的信息，使用“-v”参数选项符。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -v
#64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
想获得关于内核发行版的信息，使用“-r”参数选项符。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -r
3.13.0-37-generic
想输出你系统的硬件名称，使用“-m”参数选项符：tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -m
x86_64
只要运行“uname -a”命令，所有这些信息可以一下子输出，所下所示。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ uname -a
Linux tecmint.com 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon
Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2.如何查看Linux系统的硬件信息
你在这里可以使用lshw工具，收集关于硬件部件(比如处理器、磁盘、内存和USB控制器等)的大量信息。
lshw是一个比较小巧的工具，你在获取信息时，没有几个选项需要结合使用。lshw提供的信息从不同的/proc文件收集而来。
请注意：务必要记住一点，lshw命令只能由超级用户(根用户)或sudo用户来执行。
想输出关于你Linux系统硬件的信息，运行这个命令。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo lshw
tecmint.com
description: Notebook
product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
vendor: LENOVO
version: Lenovo Z50-70
serial: 1037407803441
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: Lancer 5A5
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 31900059WIN
serial: YB06377069
slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 9BCN26WW
date: 07/31/2014
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppynec int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
......
如果使用-short选项，可以输出硬件信息的摘要。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description
=====================================================
system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0 bus Lancer 5A5
/0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS
/0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache
/0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller
/0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
...
如果你想将输出生成为一个html文件，可以使用选项-html。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
图2：生成HTML格式的Linux硬件信息
3.如何查看Linux处理器的信息
想查看关于处理器的信息，可使用lscpu命令，因为它显示了来自sysfs和/proc/cpuinfo的关于处理器架构的信息，比如处理器数量、核心、处理器系列型号、处理器缓存和线程等。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 69
Stepping: 1
CPU MHz: 768.000
BogoMIPS: 4788.72
Virtualization: VT-x
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4.如何收集Linux块设备的信息
块设备是硬盘和闪驱等之类的存储设备。lsblk命令可以用来报告关于块设备的信息，如下所示。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part
├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part
├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part
├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part
├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part /
└─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
如果你想查看系统上的所有块设备，那么加上-a选项。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsblk -a
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part
├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part
├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part
├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part
├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part
├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part /
└─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 1 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk
ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk
ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk
ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk
ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk
ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk
ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk
ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk
ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk
ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk
loop0 7:0 0 0 loop
loop1 7:1 0 0 loop
loop2 7:2 0 0 loop
loop3 7:3 0 0 loop
loop4 7:4 0 0 loop
loop5 7:5 0 0 loop
loop6 7:6 0 0 loop
loop7 7:7 0 0 loop
ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk
ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk
ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk
ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk
ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk
ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5.如何输出USB控制器的信息
lsusb命令可用于报告关于USB控制器及与之相连的所有设备的信息。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsusb
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
你可以使用-v选项，生成关于每个USB设备的详细信息。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsusb -v
6.如何输出PCI设备的信息
PCI设备可能包括USB端口、显卡和网络适配器等。lspci工具用来生成关于你系统上所有PCI控制器以及与之相连的设备的信息。
想输出关于PCI设备的信息，可运行下面这个命令。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b)
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4)
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04)
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10)
02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter
03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
使用-t选项，生成树状格式的输出。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lspci -t
-[0000:00]-+-00.0
+-02.0
+-03.0
+-14.0
+-16.0
+-1b.0
+-1c.0-[01]----00.0
+-1c.3-[02]----00.0
+-1c.4-[03]----00.0
+-1d.0
+-1f.0
+-1f.2
\-1f.3
使用-v选项，生成关于每个所连接设备的详细信息。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lspci -v
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0
Capabilities:
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62
Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
Expansion ROM at [disabled]
Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: i915 .....
7.如何输出SCSI设备的信息
想查看你的所有SCSI/SATA设备，使用lsscsi命令，如下所示。如果你没有安装lsscsi工具，运行下面这个命令即可安装它。$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives]
# yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems]
# dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]
安装完毕后，运行lsscsi命令，如下所示：tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsscsi
[0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda
[1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0
[4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
使用-s选项，显示设备的大小。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ lsscsi -s
[0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB
[1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 -
[4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8.如何输出关于SATA设备的信息
你可以使用hdparm实用工具，找到关于系统上SATA设备的一些信息，如下所示。在下面这个例子中，我使用了实为系统上硬盘的块设备/dev/sda1。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1:
multcount = 0 (off)
IO_support = 1 (32-bit)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
想输出关于设备结构在柱面、磁头、扇区、大小和起始偏移量等方面的信息，使用-g选项。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1:
geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9.如何输出Linux文件系统的信息
想收集关于文件系统分区的信息，可以使用fdisk命令。虽然fdisk命令的主要功能是改动文件系统分区，但是它也可以用来查看关于文件系统上不同分区的信息。
你可以输出分区信息，如下所示。记得以超级用户的身份运行该命令，否则你看不到任何输出。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo fdisk -l
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders,
total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size
(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT
Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10.如何获取关于硬件部件的信息
你还可以使用dmidecode实用工具来获取硬件信息，只要从DMI表读取数据。
想输出关于内存的信息，以超级用户的身份运行该命令。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes Memory Controller Information
Error Detecting Method: None
Error Correcting Capabilities: None
Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave
Current Interleave: One-way Interleave
Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB
Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB
Supported Speeds: Other
Supported Memory Types: Other
Memory Module Voltage: Unknown
Associated Memory Slots: 4 0x0006 0x0007 0x0008 0x0009 Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities: None ...
想输出关于系统的信息，运行该命令。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system
# dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information
Manufacturer: LENOVO
Product Name: 20354
Version: Lenovo Z50-70
Serial Number: 1037407803441
UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
Family: IDEAPAD ...
想输出关于BIOS的信息，运行该命令。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios
# dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes BIOS Information
Vendor: LENOVO Version: 9BCN26WW
Release Date: 07/31/2014
Address: 0xE0000
Runtime Size: 128 kB
ROM Size: 4096 kB
Characteristics:
PCI is supported
BIOS is upgradeable
BIOS shadowing is allowed
Boot from CD is supported
Selectable boot is supported
EDD is supported
Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
ACPI is supported
USB legacy is supported
BIOS boot specification is supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
UEFI is supported
BIOS Revision: 0.26
Firmware Revision: 0.26
...
想输出关于处理器的信息，运行该命令。tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor
# dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information
Socket Designation: U3E1
Type: Central Processor
Family: Core i5
Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation
ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1
Flags: ...
结束语
你可以使用另外许多方法来获取关于系统硬件部件的信息。这些命令大都使用/proc目录中的文件来获取系统信息。
但愿你觉得本文很实用，如果你想添加更多的信息，或者在使用上述命令中遇到了什么困难，欢迎留言交流。
原文标题：10 Useful Commands to Collect System and Hardware Information in Linux，作者：Aaron Kili
【51CTO译稿，合作站点转载请注明原文译者和出处为51CTO.com】
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